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A Model of Sales and Operations Planning: Example of Parameters Used and Decision-Making Process in a Japanese Industry Hamza Samouche1,a*, Abdellah El Barkany2,b and Ahmed El Khalfi3,c 1,2,3Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University B.P. 2202 - Route d’Imouzzer – FEZ, Morocco ahamza.samouche@gmail.com, ba_elbarkany2002@yahoo.fr, caelkhalfi@gmail.com Keywords: Sales and Operation Plan; Decision-Making Process; Planning; Man-hour; Model.
So the S&OP has two components; sales planning (based on demand) and production planning, which determines the capacity requirements, inventory levels and / or the level of the order book; according to Olhager et al. (2001) [2].
The S&OP includes all the processes that link the strategic objectives of the business with the production plan, to best adapt the supply (or capacity) to market demand; according to Feng et al. (2008) [3].
Thomé et al. (2012) [4] present a detailed literature review on the S&OP; they show that this area of research is very sparse, varied and has many research opportunities.
In order to improve the integration of the sales, operations and supply functions within the supply chain, the sales and operation plan is broken down into a model of these three levels (sales, operations and supply) : Affonso and al.(2008) [12].

In this experiment, the effect of electrode polarity (El.) was also investigated.
As shown in Fig.4(a), the tendency shown is that the longer the pulse width, the larger the roughness value of the processed surface of the PCD when the electrode polarity is “+”, and the shorter the same, the smaller the roughness value of the same when the electrode polarity is “-”. 50µm 50µm 50µm (a) El.[+] (b) El.[-] C-PCD010 (c) El.[+] (d) El.[-] EC-PCD010 Fig.5 Influence of electrode polarity on EDMed surface of C-PCD010 and EC-PCD010 (ui=90 V, SV=60 V, iP=1.5 A, te/to=0.5/5 µs) 50µm When the work piece was C-PCD010 and the electrode polarity was “+”, an extremely large roughness value resulted at any pulse width.
Uematsu et al., Application of polycrystalline composite products (PCP) to a grinding wheel (1st report), Proceeding of JSAT Conf., ABTEC’96 (1996) 349-353.
Uematsu, et al., A new application of pcd as a very low wear electrode material for EDM, Proceeding of 2nd Int’l Industrial Diamond Conference (2007)
Iwai, et al., Wire EDM property of EC-PCD, Proceeding of JSAT Conf., ABTEC2009 (2009) 109-112.

El Mansori, H.
El Mansori, Running-in wear modeling of honed surface for combustion engine cylinderliners, Wear. 302 (2013) 1360–1369
El Mansori, The effect of groove texture patterns on piston-ring pack friction, Precis.
El Mansori, Multiscale Analysis of the Roughness Effect on Lubricated Rough Contact, J.
Wang, et al., Simulations and Measurements of Sliding Friction Between Rough Surfaces in Point Contacts: From EHL to Boundary Lubrication, J.

El Damatty1,b and A.M.
J., El Damatty, A.
J., El Damatty, A.
J., El Damatty, A.
J., Isyumov, N., and El Damatty, A.

Effect of Mg contents on Trapping Efficiency in Al-Mg system Using PAS N.
Kamel, Faculty of Science, Physics Dept., El-Minia University P.
The S-parameter as a function of thickness reduction (%) for 5051 Al-Mg alloy.
El-Syed: Aluminum Transactions, 2[1] (2000). 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 Figure 8.
Al-alloy (5083) S-paramter Thickness Reduction (%)

Co-axial electrospinning The spinning solutions of EL 100 were prepared by dissolving 17 g EL100 in 100 mL ethanol.
The core and sheath fluids are 17% w/v EL 100 in ethanol and pure DMAc with flow rates of 1.0 ml/h and 0.2 ml/h, respectively.
SEM images of EL 100 nanofibers prepared using the modified coaxial electrospinning (a) and the traditional single fluid electrospinning (b).
Thus the modified process could produce EL 100 nanofibers with more uniform diameter distributions and smoother surafce.
Vol. 48(2008), p.353 [18] A.L.

., Mekelweg 2, 2628 AL Delft The Nederlands 3 POSCO 1,Goedong-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-785, Korea, Pohang P.O.Box 36 a Orlando.LeonGarcia@UGent.be, bRoumen.Petrov@ugent.be, c L.A.I.Kestens@tnw.tudelft. nl Keywords: toughness, modeling, in-plane anisotropy, microstructure, texture, X80 pipeline steel Abstract.
A linear regression model was used by Pickering et al. [1] to predict the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature as a function of chemical composition and microstructure.
The upper and lower shelf energy (EU and EL respectively) are given by: ∑ ∑ = = = U U n i i n i ii U S S E E 1 2 1 2 1 , ∑ ∑ = = = L L n i i n i ii L S S E E 1 2 1 2 1
(1) where, EU is the upper shelf energy, EL is the lower shelf energy, Ei is the average value for the group i of samples tested at the same temperature, and Si2 is the variance for each group i.
These five parameters, EU, EL, m, k and T0 define completely the transition curve in the Todinov model.

The FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of Al-doped ZnO film.
The doping of Al onto ZnO is preferred, as Al is cheap, comparative ionic radii with zinc and also enhances the optical and electrical properties of ZnO.
El-Zahad et al. [22] have reported the decrease in the optical band gap due to increase in the crystallite/grain size.
El-Zahad, A.
El-Karashy, M.

High Temperature Deformation of Wrought Zn-Containing Magnesium Alloys S.Spigarelli1,a, M.El Mehtedi 1,b , D.Ciccarelli1,c, M.Bamberger2,d , G.
By contrast, Zn and Al contents as low as 0.5-1%, should not lead to any significant precipitation in binary alloys.
Both Al and Zn should thus only play a solid solution strengthening effect that cannot be accounted for the highest strength of alloy 2.
References [1] M.El Mehtedi, L.Balloni, S.Spigarelli, E.Evangelista, G.Rosen, Key Engineering Materials 367 (2008) p.79
[2] S.Spigarelli, M.El Mehtedi, P.Ricci, Mater.

El-Sherbiny1,a, Ahmed Y.
El-Fawkhry2,c, T.
C Si Mn Al V TRIP-1 0.15 1.4 0.8 0.05 0.01 TRIP-2 0.15 1.4 2 0.05 0.01 TRIP-3 0.15 1.4 2.6 0.16 0.01 The ingots were then forged into plate shape with thickness ≤ 14 mm.
References [1] Zhong, N., et al.
"Effect of isothermal bainitic transformation temperature on retained austenite fraction in C-Mn-Si-Al-Nb-Ti TRIP-type steel."