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Due to their delicate structure, these products are easily punctured, so they are disposed of in solid waste sites after 2-3 times use.
A carding machine is used to facilitate the conversion of their knitted structure into a fibrous form.
In needle-punched nonwoven fabrics, the fibers are mechanically entangled with barbed needles to bond the structure, although this results in a rough and curly surface structure, the air spaces encapsulated within the structure improve the insulation properties of the material.
Zorpas: Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, Vol. 32 (2023) p. 100993
Lin, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Vol. 39 (2023) p.100747

The phase and structure of CuO microparticle were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
A single phase monoclinic structure synthezied by hydrothermal method at 200 ºC for 4 and 6 h was obtained without calcination steps.
The structure was confirmed by comparison with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS) Card file No.005-0661 [13, 14].
A single phase of monoclinic structure was obtained without calcination steps.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Electronic structure and the structure of alloying elements in systems based on palladium Pd-Me (Me=Co, Rh, Ir, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pt) Metal Electronic structure R, nм Pearson symbol, space group.
Inorganic Chemistry. 3(1958) 586-600
Pearson, The crystal chemistry and physics of metals and alloys.
Raynor, The Structure of metals and alloys.
Guria, Physical chemistry of metals.

The calculated total energy results show that the configuration C7N-I with AA stacking sequence along the c-axis based on hexagonal BN structure has been shown to be the most stable structure.
The rest six stacking configurations (from C7N-IV to C7N-X) were constructed from graphite structure.
Fig. 2 (Color online) The electronic band structure for a C7N monolayer at its equilibrium geometries.
The results indicate that the four configurations constructed from the h-BN structure have lower total energies than the six ones constructed from graphite structure.
Marchand, in: Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, edited by P.L.

Therefore, the copolymerization of α-haloacrylic acids with N-VPforms a copolymer with a tendency to alternate structure.
According to the found values of the relative activity constants by the formulas of Medvedev and Wall, the estimated structure of the copolymer is determined, that is, the probability of the formation of various sequences in the copolymer macromolecule, which is one of the significant factors determining the structure and properties of the copolymers.
Ser.: Chemistry and Chem.
Taov, Biocide and toxicological properties of synthesized guanidine containing polymer and their structure, in: A.K.
Zaikov (Eds.), Modern Tendencies in Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry: Today and Tomorrow, New York, 2008.

The research shows that aqueous gel-casting allows fabricate thin YSZ substrate with high density and homogenous structure.
Aqueous gel casting is the key technique for fabricating large area planar electrolyte, which is based on a synthesis of ideas from both traditional ceramic processing and polymer chemistry.
The data indicate the presence of mainly one phase, the cubic fluorite-type structure.
According to defect chemistry theory, in a ZrO2 based electrolyte, the charge carriers, the oxygen vacancies ..

The chemical components, structures and morphology were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, respectively.
The chemistry compositions of products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR, Nicolet 6700).
And in Fig. 2b, the diffraction peaks of anatase phase and rutile phase existed simultaneously, which could be perfectly proved that the heat treated nanofibers at 600 oC had a mixed crystal structure.
Lee: Inorganic Chemistry Communications.

This biosensor consists of a two-layer structure fabricated by micro- and nanofabrication technology.
Optofluidics which combines micro/nanofluidics and optics, significantly offers a natural optical method to analyze liquids and liquid solution for researchers from chemistry, physics and biology.
The silicon chip as the middle plate was spin-coated with Loctite UV epoxy to bond with the pre-drilled glass chip (top plate) and the nanopatterned glass chip (bottom plate) to form a sandwiched structure.
Duyne, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,(2004), Vol 379(7-8), 920-30

Several techniques have been developed and adopted by industries to repair visible or detectable damages on the polymeric structures, such as welding and patching.
In contrast to covalent bonding, other attractive features of supramolecular chemistry is that the networks can be remodeled rapidly and reversibly.
The smart functionality can be based on functional additives (corrosion inhibitors) or the polymeric structure.
Conclusions A wide variety of novel chemistries regarding both extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing approaches have been developed by the research community over the last years.
When the engineer or scientist are selecting the proper self-healing chemistry, an extensive range of testing procedures in order to select the appropriate one depending on the application are needed.

The results showed that TiO2 sample prepared under low pH value of 0.3 demonstrated porous structures although they are not well-ordered yet, while the sample with a pH adjustment up to 7.0 provided nanotube structure.
In samples with pH adjustment to 7.0, surprisingly the obtained structure is nanotube, which is similar to that of obtained by Bakardjieva et al [15].
Samples without the pH adjustment of low pH value of 0.3 have a porous structure although it is still not well-ordered yet.
Wang, et al., Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, Vol. 179: p. 339-347 (2006)
Luís, et al., Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 125: p. 20-25 (2011).