Search results

Observe the maximum thickening rate, the maximum reduction rate, the maximum stamping direction stress and the size and changes of maximum equivalent stress, thereby finding the appropriate value of the die fillet, and further optimizing in the simulation method.
When the die fillets are 1 and 1.5, the maximum thickening rate and the maximum reduction rate are almost the same.
Table 3 The impact of forming depth on simulation forming forming depth (mm) maximum thickening rate (%) maximum reduction rate (%) maximum stamping direction stress (MPa) maximum equivalent stress (MPa) total deep drawing force (×10N) 3 0.5 1.3 269.2 957.5 5.8 4 1.7 16.5 313.4 997.9 4.8 5 1.4 21.5 302.5 1097.3 2.8 As known from the data in Table 3, with the forming depth increasing, the maximum reduction rate, the maximum stamping direction stress and the maximum equivalent stress have different degrees of increase.
The maximum reduction rate reaches 21.5% and it has been beyond the acceptable range.
Figure 4 The impact of BHF on Figure 5 The impact of BHF on Figure 6 The impact of maximum the maximum thickening rate the maximum reduction rate stress in the negative Z direction Figure 7 The impact of maximum Figure 8 The impact of BHF on Figure 9 The impact of BHF on Stress in Z direction the equivalent stress the total deep drawing force It can be seen from Figure 4 to Figure 9, with the BHF increasing, the maximum thickening rate of the sheet’s thickness reduces at first, then increases, while the reduction rate increases and then decreases, but the change is relatively small.

Several temperature data of infrared powder specimen were compared with the data of ordinary specimen.
Warming Data Analysis.
Put all the specimens test data together to analysis.
Cooling data analysis.
Use the fitting curve and the above two original data contrast.

According to experimental data, the estimation of threshold SIF turns out from sharp "v" notch data: 5.0 th mmMPa8.218K =∆ , hence mm233.0a0 = .
By so doing, the defect free material strength can be estimated from one of the notched specimens data (as an example the larger one) and it results MPa354 ' 0 =σ∆ , hence new material parameters turns out to be mm11.0a0 = and new prediction is given in fig. 4.
Its worth noticing that experimental data are fitted by this improved model very well.
Overall behavior and failure modes comparison In general the new model introduces a new degree of freedom (the strength of un-defected material) it is obvious that a model with more degrees of freedom is generally capable of better fitting experimental data.
If we consider the scatter of experimental data, it is possible to compare scatter bands (mean ±standard deviation) of defected material and semicircular notches, according to the improved model, and results are given in fig. 5.

Thermally coupled cold forging analysis requires thermal conductivity, specific heat, heat transfer coefficient between the workpiece and the tool, and many other data, in addition to the temperature dependence of flow stress and friction coefficient.
The reduction of area is 50% (die diameter of 27.2 mm and punch diameter of 19.1 mm).
a) 1 spm b) 3 spm c) 10 spm Fig. 6 Punch temperature – time diagram obtained by experiments The calibration curves obtained by the FEM analysis are compared with the experimental data in Fig. 7.
The calibration curves obtained by the FEM analysis and the experimental data are shown in Fig. 9.
Tozawa, Determination of basic data for numerical simulation – Analysis of multi-stage warm forging sequence for austenitic stainless steel 1, J.

Heat source calibration was carried out using two sets of data: (i) cross-weld macrographs, taken at specimen mid-length to ensure steady-state conditions had been reached; and (ii) thermocouple data, acquired during welding at several locations along the specimen.
Thermocouple data permits long-range calibration of the heat source (i.e. overall weld efficiency).
Short-range temperature distribution is calibrated using cross-weld macrographs (left), while long-range thermal history is calibrated using thermocouple data (right).
Complementary diffraction and stress relaxation measurement techniques were used to ensure confidence in the accuracy of the measured data.
In both cases, it is evident that the solutions from the mechanical model are in good agreement with measured data, thus validating both FE models.

After 400 hours, the reduction in the tensile strength of the neat PLA specimen was as much as 92%; while that reduction for the PLA/GF specimen was only 34%.
The impact data was collected using an Izod/Charpy Impact Tester according to the ASTM D256 at room temperature.
Fig. 3 demonstrates the comparison of percentage of impact energy reduction for virgin and recycled PLA.
A massive reduction in impact energy was observed for recycled PLA.
The percentage of reduction is 56% and 73% for virgin PLA and recycled PLA, respectively.

The XRD pattern of deep reduction slag and these samples are shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2 XRD of the deep reduction slag and reduction samples The SEM of deep reduction slag is shown in Fig.3 and the main phase and their content are shown in Table 4 and the SEM EDS analysis analysis of the slag are shown in Table 5.
Table 5 SEM/EDS analysis analysis result of the deep reduction slag/% N0.
It is necessary for SiC generation to use special furnace by multi-stage reduction reaction.
Thermodynamic Data Notebook of Inorganics[M].Shenyang: Northeast University Press, 1993：449- 479 [8]Pangfusheng,Tang Aitao,Li Kui.Carbon nitrided titanium and composite materials reaction synthesis[M].Chongqing:Chongqing university press.2005 [9]Fang Min xian,Peng Jinhui,Chen Housheng,Chen Deming.A Thermodynamics-Based Analysis of Making Titanium Carbonitride Though Carbon Thermal Reduction[J].Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Science and Technology).2006,31(6):6-12 [10]Li Xikun,Xiu zhimeng,Sun Xundong,Zheng Longxi.Synthesis of titanium carbonitride powders[J].Power Metallurgy industry,2004,14(1)：18-21

To collect the data, it is proposed to use the system eye of the first author who has good binocular vision.
The contraction of the oblique muscles causes an available volumes reduction in the anterior and posterior chambers and immediately increases the IOP.
The contraction of the oblique muscles causes an available volumes reduction in the anterior and posterior chambers and immediately increases the IOP.
The contraction of the oblique muscles of the left eye causes an available volumes reduction in the anterior and posterior chambers and immediately increases the IOP.
The contraction of the oblique muscles of the left eye causes an available volumes reduction in the anterior and posterior chambers and immediately increases the IOP.

Generally speaking, such studies are from the consumer point of view, rather than producers, and most of using transportation and consumption sector data.
This data is only half of the rebound effect of energy resource studied for all periods.
Because of limited data collection and acquisition, there are fewer researches on the direct rebound effect in China.
Using 28 provincial panel data from 1985 to 2005 in China, Liu Yuan Yuan et al.[10]find that the economic-wide rebound effect is 53.68 %.
Because of using the different data and estimate methods, there are some differences in empirical test results.

Just as rolling force and reduction calculation, oil flow is also calculated simultaneously according to the primary data.
Architecture of the RGL control system Lubrication hierarchy data creation Oil flow references come from data table perfected by commissioning.
All reference data is simultaneously downloaded to the FM PLC.
The oil flow data can be displayed by the man-machine dialogue.
Hierarchy data can also be inquiryed and modified according to query conditions.