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(d) Construct S-N curves of structures for different cycle property by using the material S-N curve in symmetrical circle.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol.62 (2006), pp.168-177
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol.66 (2010), pp.1164-1173
Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, Vol.17 (1994), pp.727-736
International Journal of Fatigue, Vol.24 (2002), pp.1109-1125

Effects of Substrate Temperature on Structure and Optical Property of Cu2O:N Thin Film Deposited by Reactive Pulse Magnetron Sputtering Xingfa Zi 1,2,a, Wen Yang 2, Pengzhi Yang 2 , Ruiming Liu1 and Xinzhu Shu1 1School of Physical and Electronic Science, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong 675000, China 2Yunnan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Materials Advanced Technology and Manufacturing of Ministry of Education，Kunming 650092, China aemail: zxf@cxtc.edu.cn Keywords: Cu2O thin film; Pulse magnetron sputtering; Substrate temperature; Structure Abstract.
Moreover, the optical band gap Eg of thin film was in the range 2.54-2.58eV, and slightly decreased with increasing of substrate temperatures from RT to 400℃． 1 Introduction Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is a direct-gap semiconductor with a band gap energy of 2.17 eV and spontaneously shows p-type conductivity.Cu2O has been regarded as one of the most promising materials for application in photovoltaic cells because of its high absorption coefficient, nontoxicity, and low-cost producibility[1-3].
Nitrogen is widely accepted as a nontoxic, low-cost, and easily available material, and can be regarded as an acceptor-type dopant in Cu2O films if it is substitutionally incorporated into the O lattice sites[8].
K, Omayio O and Waita S.M. : International Journal of Advanced Renewable Energy Research Vol. 1-8 (2012), p. 474-480 [5] Nishi Y, Miyata T and Minami T: J.
Uthanna: Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 48(2010), p. 420- 424 [8] B.B.

Materials and Methods: The construction and theory of the system are detailed in the following.
By using anticorrosive materials, the device can keep in trouble-free operation for 99 hours without intermission.
By adopting materials with high biocompatibility and bigger culture dish to contain more culture media than other types, the cells could grow well with high viability.
Brown: Journal of Biomechanics Vol. 33 (2000) p3-14
Goodship: Journal of Biomechanics Vol. 36 (2003) p1497-502 [9] D.A.

Paper recycling highly impacts the environment and the economy because it reduces the use of forest-based raw materials and decreases the landfill of wastepaper.
Materials and Methods Materials.
References [1] Kamoga Omar Lwako M., Byaruhanga Joseph K., and Kirabira John Baptist.: International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications Vol.4 (2013), p.114 [2] Mäkinen, L., Ämmälä, A., Körkkö, M., & Niinimäki, J.: Resources, Conservation and Recycling Vol.73 (2013), p.11-16 [3] Amit Kumar and Dharm Dutt: Scientific African Vol.12 (2021), p.00793 [4] Zhu, J.Y. and Wu, G.H.: Journal of Pulp and Paper science Vol. 24 (1998), p.295-299 [5] Borchardt, J.K. and Ferguson, L.D.: Process Technology Paper Recycling Challenge-Process Technology (1998), p.71-82 [6] Bajpai, P.: Recycling and Deinking of Recovered Paper (2014), p.12-137 [7] Mohammadreza Kamali and Zahra Khodaparast: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Vol. 114 p.326-342 [8] G.M.
Saddler: Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 65(1998), p.209-215

It is favorable toward promoting the material plastic and improves the ductility and energy dissipation capacity.
Journal of Structural Engineering. 2004, 130 (2): 271-284
Journal of Structural Engineering. 1979, 105(4): 283-296
Development of seismic strengthening and retrofit strategies for critical facilities using engineered cementitious composite materials [D].
Journal of Building Structures, 2009, 30(1): 41-47.

In this study, materials for the tubesheet, shell and tubes are respectively 16Mn (low alloy steel), 16MnR (low alloy steel) and No. 20 steel (low carbon steel).
These materials are most commonly used to construct heat exchangers in China and their Young's moduli are 2.0×10 11Pa for 16Mn and 16MnR and 1.92×1011Pa for No. 20 steel and all materials' Poisson's ratio is 0.3.
[7] Guihong Wang, Ningfeng Wand, The discussion on the design of the double barrel panels heat interchanger, Journal of Qinghai University Nature Science, 2006, 24(5): 10-13 (in Chinese)
Internation Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2004, 81:563-567
Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 2009,131(1):011206-1-4.

To improve, share and distribute our training we combine the classical pedagogical approaches with the web-based learning which provides interactivity for students, the possibility of exchanging views, opinions and materials in a multimedia environment.
Introduction International studies to improve maritime education and training (MET) have identified lack of access to quality learning materials and tutors in many countries.
This example will be used at a later stage in the Strength of Materials course in order to calculate the geometrical characteristics of the sections and the stresses, [2].
Web-based learning gives students a high level of interactivity, the possibility of exchange views, opinions and materials in a multimedia environment in a framework where they can access different web pages or applications.
Nita, An Original Method to Compute the Stresses in Applied Elasticity, Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communications (OAM-RC), Editor in-chief: Prof.

Journal of chemical engineering, 2010, 61 (1): 228-234
China Building Materials Science and technology, 2010 (6): 56-60
Materials review, 2013, 27 (15): 50-53
Materials Herald: Nanotechnology and new materials album, 2014 (1): 46-49
The UV optical properties of nano [J]. and its application in the anti aging and modification of powder coatings TiO2 Journal of Sichuan University: Engineering Science Edition, 2004, 36 (5): 53-56

Usually, a failure criterion is assumed to be a fixed, limiting stress condition that corresponds to ultimate failure of the material.
It is not meaningful to speak of a “dilation angle” for a material when its confining stress is low or tensile, because the mode of failure is typically by axial splitting, not shearing.
One element in slope is chosen, The material parameters D, GSI and σci are varied to analyze their effect to Fp, shown in Fig.2.
Advanced Materials Research, 243-249(2011) 3315-3318
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36(1999) 777-809

Both tensile and compressive stress magnitude of each case is under the material strength F1t (F1c) in Table 1.
All the values are within the range of correspondent material strength.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the China Natural Science Foundation (50808161), and Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (Y1110366).
Journal of Composite for Construction, ASCE, pp.73-87, 2002
Mechanics of Composite Materials.