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Materials and Experimental Detail 2.1 Preparation and characterizations of nitrided layer A contact configuration of ball-on-flat was adopted in the tribological tests.
Fretting Fatigue, Applied Science London, 1981
Journal of Biomechanics 2001;34:859-871
Materials Science and Technology. 16(2000) 1067-1072
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 99 (2000) 231-245

This effect consists in the formation of ultrafine- and nano-grained structures in bulk materials, due to which the physical and mechanical properties of the material change.
Langdon, Structural impact on the Hall–Petch relationship in an Al–5Mg alloy processed by high-pressure torsion, Materials Science and Engineering A, 626 (2015) 9-15
Murashkin, Structure and mechanical properties of commercial Al–Mg 1560 alloy after equal-channel angular extrusion and annealing, Materials Science and Engineering A, 367 (2004) 234-242
Morris, Microstructural evolution of dilute Al–Mg alloys during processing by equal channel angular pressing and during subsequent annealing, Materials Science and Engineering A, 375-377 (2004) 853-856
Langdon, Ultrafine grains and the Hall–Petch relationship in an Al–Mg–Si alloy processed by high-pressure torsion, Materials Science and Engineering A, 532 (2012) 139-145

Theoretical predictions indicate the PLC effect to be beneficial in brittle materials but detrimental in more ductile materials [4, 5].
The materials used in the present study were continuous cast AA5754 materials in O-temper with a thickness of 1 mm.
Progress in Materials Science, pages 185-241, 1981
In H B M¨uhlhaus, editor, Continuum Models for Materials with Microstructure.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 300:178-191, 2002

The material considered is an aluminium with Young’s modulus 73 GPa and Poisson’s ratio of 0.3, for skin, spare and stingers.
References: [1]MH Aliabadi, et al The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 22 (4), 203-207, 1997 [2] I.Benedetti, et al Int J Numer Methods Eng, 80(10), (2009) 1356-78
[5] I Benedetti, MH Aliabadi, Computational Materials Science 67, (2013b) 249-260
Elements, (2015)56, 162-175 [34] DP Rooke, et al Fatigue & Fracture of Eng Materials & Structures (1992) 15 (5), 441-461 [35] X Huang, et al CMES: Computer Modeling in Eng & Sciences (2014), 102 (4), 291-330

Introduction Tension controls are widely used in web-material transport systems such as papers, textiles, composites, polymers and metals.
Due to the unwind or rewind roller releases or accumulates material, their radii and inertia are time-varying.
and are the lengths of the web span between the process roller and unwind/rewind rollers; is the web thickness, is the web width and is the density of the web material; A is the area of cross-section of the web; E is the modulus of elasticity of the web material; is the constant tension of the unwind roller.
Acknowledgment This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61074098).
Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 116.2 (1994): 293-304

And the deformation-dependant permeability for the concrete material is used [3] (Eq. (4))
The material parameters of grouting zone (GZ) are adjusted according to the surrounding rock mass which using a Druker-Prager failure criterion, which is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Material Properties for Coupled Analysis Material Dry Specific Weight Compression Strength Tensile Strength Initial Void Ratio Initial Hydraulic Conductivity Rock Mass 27.5 kN/m3 1.5e+05 kPa / 0.01 0.04 m/d Concrete 25.0 kN/m3 2.5e+04 kPa 2.17e+3kPa 0.005 0.0008 m/d Rebar 78.0 kN/m3 3.1e+05 kPa 3.1e+05 kPa / / Results Seepage from outside to inside.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10972072) and Young Scholars Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Agricultural University (23698).
Wong, in: The Transition from Brittle Faulting to Cataclastic Flow: Permeability Evolution, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(B2), 3027~3041 (1997).

Its ultimate state of bearing capacity is usually determined by the loss of overall stability of the member, and it gives mainly the elastic-plastic buckling on the plastic material.
Beijing: Science Press,(2003).
Key Engineering Materials .Vols. 452-453 (2011) ,p.485-488
Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Techenology, Vol.25 (2008) , p.128.
Key Engineering Materials.

Influence of Tensioning Stress to Web Cracking of Rigid Frame Bridge in Cantilever Construction Dongjia Yin 1, a, Xiongjun He2,b,Dequan You3,c , Bingkai Liu4 1School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063,China 2 School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063,China 3Fujian Research Institute Communications Science and Technology,Fuzhou 350004 4School of Transportation,Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063,China ayindongjia1230@163.com, bhxjwhut@163.com, c dequan1990@hotmail.com Keywords: web cracks;cantilever construction;FEA Abstract.
During the analysis, the slipping between concrete and tendons is ignored, but two points of basic assumption are taken in account: Small deformation and Material nonlinearity.
The parameters of materials can consult relevant norms.
The materials are as follows: (1) Concrete: C50 , standard tensile strength is 2.65Mpa; (2) Prestressed steel: Φs15.2 steel strand; (3) Vertical steel: Φs32 finish rolling deformed steel.
References [1]Reseach Institute of High Ministry of Transport,The Research of Causes and Treatment Technical of Crack on Prestressed Concrete Continuous Beam and Continuous Rigid-frame Box Girder[R],2007.in Chinese [2]LIU Fangping, ZHOU Jianting, Song Jun, Wu Heng, Analysis of Formation Causes of Diagonal Cracks in Box Girder Web During Cantilever Construction[J], Construction Technology,2012.12(41):47-50,in Chinese [3]ZHU han-hua, CHEN meng-chong,YUAN ying-jie, Analysis and Prevention of Crack on Prestressed Concrete Continuous Rigid-frame Box Girder[M], Beijing: China Communication Press, 2006,in Chinese [4] Okeil Ayman M,Allowable tensile stress for webs of prestressed segmental concrete bridges，ACI stryctural Journal,v103,n4,p488-495,July/August 2006 [5] WU Lang, FANG Shuiping, WAN Ni, Experimental research of early tensile strength of concrete[J], Jiangxi Science, 2007.4(25):175-177,in Chinese

Finite Element Analysis on Key Components of Horizontal Refuse Compactor Henan Chen1, a, Shoucheng Wang1, b and Yuan Wang1,c 1Chinesisch-Deutsche Technische Fakultät, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China, 266061 a315357886@qq.com, b wscwn@163.com, cwangkatze@126.com Key words: horizontal refuse compactor, structural design, statics analysis, Finite Element Analysis Abstract.
Fig. 4 The locking mechanism FEA of block, push head and the clamp Definition of the nature of materials.
The material nature of refuse is defined as, with flexibility modulus, Poisson’s ratio.
By doing so, when block meets the requirements, the structure could be maximally optimized, thus materials and manufacturing cost could be saved. 2.
References [1] Courant R．Variational methods for the solution of problems of equilibrum and vibration,Bulletin of American Mathematical Society. 49(1943) 1-23 [2] Turner M J,Clough R W,Martin H C,Topp L J.Stiffness and defection anslysis of complex structures,Journal of Aeronautical Sciences. 23(1956) 805-824

The NC program also verified through the trial cut with model material on a machine tool.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the support of the National Science Council, Taiwan, R.O.C. under grant NSC 95-2622-E-230-008-CC3.
Wu: International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 18, No. 5 (1995), p. 308 [3] L.S.
Cheng: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 138 (2003), p. 145 [5] D.
Lee: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 187~188 (2007), p. 10 [8] J.