Search results

Study Method Data source of the article mainly includes: (1) TM satellite image data of Xinjiang area of late 1980s and late 1990s and image data in 2005 from Sino-Pakistan Earth Resources Satellite 02 (SBERS-02) and with method of false color composite of R4, G3, B2, (2) vectored Xinjiang soil map (1:500000), map of depth of burial of underground water of Xinjiang (1:500000) and salinity map of underground water (1:500000) in 1980s. (3) Database of Xinjiang environmental background based on macro remote sensing research, including Xinjiang weather data layer (1:500000 temperature and humidity), 1:500000 texture map of earth’s surface (psephitic texture, sandiness, loamy texture, viscidity and rock), chorography and topographic map and so on.
We acquired Landsat TM Satellite image data in 1989 and 1999 and the CCD Camera Data of China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 02 (CBERS-02). in 2005.
Specifically, such data as concerning the soil type, roads, lakes, vegetation distribution and water system etc. are superposed on the satellite pictures, which can be made by using the professional software ArcGis9.0, which allows vector superposing, after that, the accuracy of the information concerning the categories of some sampled wetlands stemmed from the interpretation was testified by observing the field sampling point through GPS, the accuracy reached over 90%, in addition, acquisition of land use spatial information, edit of spatial data and establishment of topological relation, formed the land use type database of the 3 periods in 1989, 1999 and 2005 in Altay region..
Reduction of water space relatively fewer, mainly turned to grasslands and swamp.
However, change occurred in latter 5 years are not so huge as of previous 10 years, general trends is reduction, mainly between swamp and water space

Gear Reducer Consider the cost of production, straight spur gear pair having reduction ratio 5.2667 is proposed to be the example for analyzing its corresponding meshing efficiency.
Fig. 1 shows its corresponding kinematic skeleton, the teeth number of gear 2 is 15 (Z2=15) and the teeth number of gear 3 is 79 (Z3=79) and its reduction ratio is 5.2667.
Table 1 shows its corresponding gear data.
Fig. 1 Spur Gear pair Table 1 Gear data of the straight spur gear pair (15, 79) Pinion 2 Gear 3 Teeth No. 15 79 Normal Module (mm) 1.25 1.25 Shift coefficient (mm) 0.75 0.00 Operation Pitch Dia.
Fig. 3 The average friction coefficients Meshing Efficiencies For the Straight spur gear data shown in Table 1, the angle of approach βa1=0.10638 rad and angle of recess βr1=0.43376 rad.

Effect of Design Parameters on the Reduction of Top Piston Ring Friction Bin Wu1,2, a, Zhinan Zhang3,b,Ping Wang4,c 1State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 2China FAW Group Corporation R&D Center, Changchun 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 4 Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchuan a wubin1@rdc.faw.com.cn, bzhinanz@sjtu.edu.cn, c183821101@qq.com Keywords: Piston Ring, Friction, Lubrication, Oil Film Abstract.
Recently, researchers focus more on the reduction of piston ring-liner friction loss and improving fuel economy.
Table 1 Input engine data Parameter Symbol[unit] Value Engine speed w[rpm] 2800 Crank radius R[mm] 59.025 Connecting-rod length L[mm] 192 Liner diameter D[mm] 110 Height of ring 1 B[mm] 2.93 Separation distance between top and second ring D12[mm] 9.5 Ring composite surface roughness [um] 0.4 Liner temperature at TDC for ring 1 TDC [degree] 120 Liner temperature at BDC for ring 3 TBC[degree] 90 Effect of Varying Ring Axial Height B The effect of varying of ring axial height on the friction power loss and the minimum oil film of top ring-liner is shown in Fig. 3(a) and 3(b), respectively.
For a piston ring, the smaller the barrel height is the more flat the ring face is, and a more flat ring face will lead to the reduction of ring-liner friction power loss.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations used in automotive industry allow engineers to understand flow behavior and quantify important flow parameters such as pressure drops or mass flow rates, with the condition that CFD tools have been properly validated against experimental data.
The basic engine data include engine geometry (stroke, bore, connector rod length, compression ratio and others engine elements), engine inertia (mass and inertia of different components), cylinder and valve event phasing
- Data and test conditions are defined for the cycle simulation
- Calculation results for cycle-averaged data (power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque, volumetric efficiencies), and intra-cycle data (pressure, mass flow rate, temperature).
The quality of simulation results depends on the data input which comprises the model.

It was found that, after a conductive polymer of polyaniline was chemically incorporated onto the surface of the SWNTs by using electropolymerization method, the CV data showed a single reversible redox couple, which indicated a more stable state.
Surprisingly, the CV data of the SAM–ITO electrodes (Figure 4a) in a 1.0 M H2SO4 aqueous solution demonstrated that oxidation occurred at 0.42 and 0.56 V and reduction occurred at 0.24 V, which showed a lower stability.
However, the CV data recorded for polyaniline end-capped SAM–ITO (Figure 4b) showed two reversible redox couples occurring at 0.64 and 0.22 V under the same conditions, which were assigned to the oxidation and reduction of the polyaniline between the leucoemeraldine and emeraldine oxidation states.
In addition, the observed S 2p feature showed the presence of acid sulfonate (–SO2×OH) groups on the functionalized SWNTs, which is consistent with the FTIR data discussed above.

Data were digitally recorded during a continuous scan in the range of angle (2θ) from 10° to 80° with a scanning rate of 4°/min.
After oxidation at 1500°C, the coating becomes compacted remarkably accompanied by the reduction of crack size.
The carbothermal reduction reaction between rich SiO2 and free carbon in C/SiC composites is proposed to answer for the disappearing of SiO2 phase at 1600°C.
In some local area, foaming as shown in Fig. 9 is observed, which is accessorial evidence for the carbothermal reduction.
It is necessary to improve the oxidation resistance in case of higher temperature or longer time at 1600°C because the carbothermal reduction between viscous SiO2 and free carbon in C/SiC composites has been observed.

This reduction is relative to their annual emissions in a base year, usually 1990.
Data source and results In this article, we focus on the period from 1960 to 2010 in France.
To study how the five factors affect the emission ,according to the changing tendency of emission amount and energy structure, we divide it into five shorter periods, 1960-1970, 1970-1980, 1980-1988, 1988-2000 and 2000-2010.The source of all data is the database of World Bank, except emission amounts in the year 2009 and 2010 are from RAC-F website.
During 40 years, reduction of emission depends rarely on alternative and nuclear energy, and nuclear energy took almost the whole part.
If France cannot change their energy structure effectively, reduction of nuclear energy will cause another disaster of emission.

In their experiment, major reactive species were reproduced by Gri1.2 mechanism, but some divergences of both CH and H2 occur between the experimental data and predicting results of Gri1.2.
At the present work, both a reduction mechanism based on Gri_Mech 3.0 and laminar premixed model was applied to numerically analyse nitrogen oxides formation in a laminar premixed flame of CH4/air.
When chemical equivalence ratio is less than 1.3, computing results is in agreement with experimental data; when chemical equivalence ratio is larger than 1.3, computing results has a big deviation from experimental data.
Fig. 6 A comparison of calculating results of burning velocity with experimental data Conclusions A numerical study on nitrogen oxides formation for a laminar premixed flame of CH4/air was performed.
The computing results are in agreement with experimental data.

Introduction Emission trading is an efficient market means to allocate environmental capacity resources, which is an important mechanism to promote pollutant emission reduction.
The data accounting and the standardization of operating procedures are the critical technologies to be solved to implement the emission trading mechanism smoothly.
Based on the productive technologies and technical standards of various industries, such as chemical industry, cement industry, ceramic industry, glass industry, steel industry, nonferrous metals industry, aluminum industry, gypsum industry, mining industry, paper industry and refining industry, etc., Ecofys determined a ratio (t CO2/t product) and allocate the emission quotas on the basis of historical data method and output value method.
With rather strong purposefulness, CDM methodologies which are about the accounting methods and the supervising detailed rules and regulations of the greenhouse gas emission reduction engendered by CDM projects mainly serve for CDM projects development and the international CDM project cooperation.
According to relevant data, now the studies on CDM methodology in China mainly focus on two aspects: one is the developer of CDM project develops the baseline methodology and monitoring methodology directly which are applicable to the present project only.

SVM can do well with less data but is computationally expensive while GMM is computationally inexpensive but needs more data to perform adequately.
SVM is a kind of classification algorithm that has a good generalization performance to classify unseen data.
SVM is one of the most robust classifiers in speaker recognition since it has strong classification capability on small sample data.
The more data from a speaker is available, the better the identification performance is.
UBM is trained with the EM algorithm from hours of speech data gathered from lots of speakers.