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Online since: March 2015
Authors: Luca Evangelisti, Claudia Guattari, Aldo Fanchiotti, Luciano Santarpia, Gabriele Battista
It has been demonstrated that the proposed plant allows to reduce the fossil fuels consumption compared to a plant conventionally employed, with a proportional reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions of about 30% per year.
Output data obtained by TRNSYS can be used as input for RETScreen application.
Opaque component Thickness [cm] Thermal Transmittance [W/m2K] Roof 39.3 0.122 Floor 46.8 0.100 External wall 39.9 0.123 Internal wall 39.3 0.125 Results and Discussion Due to the residential destination use of the building, it was imposed in TRNSYS the weather data of Rome and, regarding the set point temperature range, a temperature equal to 20°C during the winter and a temperature equal to 26°C during the summer has been taken into account.
Table 2 – Greenhouse gases emission for the conventional plant Type of fuel Fuel mix Fuel consumption [MWh] Greenhouse gases emission per MWh [tCO2/MWh] Greenhouse gas emission [tCO2] Natural gas 12.8 % 31 0.197 6.1 Electrical energy 87.2 % 210 0.374 78.6 Total 100 % 241 0.351 84.7 Table 3 – Greenhouse gas emission for the proposed plant Type of fuel Fuel mix Fuel consumption [MWh] Greenhouse gases emission per MWh [tCO2/MWh] Greenhouse gas emission [tCO2] Biomass 13.9 % 34 0.007 0.2 Solar energy 18.2 % 44 0.000 0.0 Electrical energy 67.8 % 163 0.374 61.0 Total 100 % 240 0.255 61.2 It is worthy to notice that, despite a comparable energy fuel consumption, employing the proposed plant it can be assessed a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
The proposed plant - composed by a heat pump for the cooling demand, a photovoltaic plant for the electrical demand and a pellet boiler for heating demand - allows to avoid the fossil fuels with a consequent reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions of about 28% per year.
Output data obtained by TRNSYS can be used as input for RETScreen application.
Opaque component Thickness [cm] Thermal Transmittance [W/m2K] Roof 39.3 0.122 Floor 46.8 0.100 External wall 39.9 0.123 Internal wall 39.3 0.125 Results and Discussion Due to the residential destination use of the building, it was imposed in TRNSYS the weather data of Rome and, regarding the set point temperature range, a temperature equal to 20°C during the winter and a temperature equal to 26°C during the summer has been taken into account.
Table 2 – Greenhouse gases emission for the conventional plant Type of fuel Fuel mix Fuel consumption [MWh] Greenhouse gases emission per MWh [tCO2/MWh] Greenhouse gas emission [tCO2] Natural gas 12.8 % 31 0.197 6.1 Electrical energy 87.2 % 210 0.374 78.6 Total 100 % 241 0.351 84.7 Table 3 – Greenhouse gas emission for the proposed plant Type of fuel Fuel mix Fuel consumption [MWh] Greenhouse gases emission per MWh [tCO2/MWh] Greenhouse gas emission [tCO2] Biomass 13.9 % 34 0.007 0.2 Solar energy 18.2 % 44 0.000 0.0 Electrical energy 67.8 % 163 0.374 61.0 Total 100 % 240 0.255 61.2 It is worthy to notice that, despite a comparable energy fuel consumption, employing the proposed plant it can be assessed a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
The proposed plant - composed by a heat pump for the cooling demand, a photovoltaic plant for the electrical demand and a pellet boiler for heating demand - allows to avoid the fossil fuels with a consequent reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions of about 28% per year.
Online since: May 2015
Authors: Hong C. Rhim, Dae Jin Kim, Seong Hoon Jeong, Kwang Ho Lee, Won Seok Jang, Jong Hwan Park
Abstract The use of steel-concrete composite members has been significantly increased as they have the advantages of the reduction of cross sectional areas, excellent ductility against earthquake loadings and a longer life span than typical steel frame members.
The use of steel-concrete composite members has been significantly increased with such a trend as they have the advantages of the reduction of cross sectional areas, excellent ductility against earthquake loadings and a longer life span than typical steel frame members.
This system has the advantages of reduced floor height and simplified formwork, which can in turn produce many beneficial effects such as the reduction of structure weight, fast construction and great savings in the amount of construction materials and labor.
The load-versus-slip data were recorded throughout the entire loading history using a computer-aided data acquisition system.
The use of steel-concrete composite members has been significantly increased with such a trend as they have the advantages of the reduction of cross sectional areas, excellent ductility against earthquake loadings and a longer life span than typical steel frame members.
This system has the advantages of reduced floor height and simplified formwork, which can in turn produce many beneficial effects such as the reduction of structure weight, fast construction and great savings in the amount of construction materials and labor.
The load-versus-slip data were recorded throughout the entire loading history using a computer-aided data acquisition system.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Zai Yuan Li, Yan Wu, Yi Feng, Jian Wen Ni
According to the data analysis from the geological department, long-term reserves are more than 1.5 billion tons in our country, only in Guangxi province they are more than 200 million tons [2].
The main mineral composition of sinter are calcium ferrite, aluminum acid calcium and calcium aluminum melilite, which have excellent cold strength, good metallurgical property, low reduction powder property in low temperature.
Metalization pre-reduction - electric furnaces melting points - alumina extraction process The process is that bauxites are broken, fitting into a certain amount of limestone and coal,then mixing them.
At the same time, reduction equipment is rotary kiln iron, the reduction temperature is above 1400℃, so particle iron method has the same problem as pig iron clinker method that rotary kiln easily knots circle and lining life is short [6].
The main advantages of this process have two: a, it makes full use of the characteristics of high iron gibbsite-type bauxites that gibbsites are easy to leach, and goethite ( hematite ) have the good reduction properties; b, the process is relatively simple, only catalytic reduction process is in high temperature condition; in addition to, this process need not to add other materials except alkali and reducing coal, so energy consumption and materials consumption are greatly lowered.
The main mineral composition of sinter are calcium ferrite, aluminum acid calcium and calcium aluminum melilite, which have excellent cold strength, good metallurgical property, low reduction powder property in low temperature.
Metalization pre-reduction - electric furnaces melting points - alumina extraction process The process is that bauxites are broken, fitting into a certain amount of limestone and coal,then mixing them.
At the same time, reduction equipment is rotary kiln iron, the reduction temperature is above 1400℃, so particle iron method has the same problem as pig iron clinker method that rotary kiln easily knots circle and lining life is short [6].
The main advantages of this process have two: a, it makes full use of the characteristics of high iron gibbsite-type bauxites that gibbsites are easy to leach, and goethite ( hematite ) have the good reduction properties; b, the process is relatively simple, only catalytic reduction process is in high temperature condition; in addition to, this process need not to add other materials except alkali and reducing coal, so energy consumption and materials consumption are greatly lowered.
Electrochemical Behavior of Promethazine Hydrochloride and its Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin
Online since: July 2012
Authors: Ling Ling He, Xin Wang, Bin Liu, Rui Mei Xu
The oxidation peak shifts more rapidly than the reduction peak.
The oxidation and reduction peak potentials (Ipa and Ipc) decrease with the increasing pH, too.
Both the oxidation and reduction peak currents increase with the increasing scan rates.
When BSA was added to the PMT solution, the oxidation and the reduction peaks shift towards high and low potentials, respectively, and the decrease of oxidation and reduction currents is observed.
The results of the binding number m and the binding constant β of BSA binding to PMT obtained from the experimental data are 2.10 and 7.43×105 L/mol, respectively, which means that PMT binding to BSA forms a 2:1 complex of BSA-2PMT.
The oxidation and reduction peak potentials (Ipa and Ipc) decrease with the increasing pH, too.
Both the oxidation and reduction peak currents increase with the increasing scan rates.
When BSA was added to the PMT solution, the oxidation and the reduction peaks shift towards high and low potentials, respectively, and the decrease of oxidation and reduction currents is observed.
The results of the binding number m and the binding constant β of BSA binding to PMT obtained from the experimental data are 2.10 and 7.43×105 L/mol, respectively, which means that PMT binding to BSA forms a 2:1 complex of BSA-2PMT.
Online since: February 2018
Authors: Jan L. Vítek, David Čítek, Pavel Jursík
More resilient connection of shear sheets to the top flange and a high resistance of UHPC allow for reduction of the extent of shear connectors.
During the experiment it has been proven that the performance of the beams with both variants of shear connection is very similar even with the significant reduction of the extent of shear connectors.
Numerical Analysis The main goals of the numerical analysis are proving the possibility of reducing the amount of shear connectors, evaluating of influence of the reduction of extent of shear connectors on stiffness of the girder in bending, evaluating of load bearing capacity of the new proposed shear connection, description of its behavior and description of the stress state around the local puzzle sheets.
It was proven that the new proposed connection of precast elements providing also the shear connection of the precast deck and the steel structure is able to resist combined loading and it is not a cause of any reduction of stiffness in bending and thus the proposed connection has no influence on distribution of internal forces and it can serve as full shear connection [4].
In the future there should be gathered more data and information from experimental measurements for determining of load bearing capacity of this type of shear connection.
During the experiment it has been proven that the performance of the beams with both variants of shear connection is very similar even with the significant reduction of the extent of shear connectors.
Numerical Analysis The main goals of the numerical analysis are proving the possibility of reducing the amount of shear connectors, evaluating of influence of the reduction of extent of shear connectors on stiffness of the girder in bending, evaluating of load bearing capacity of the new proposed shear connection, description of its behavior and description of the stress state around the local puzzle sheets.
It was proven that the new proposed connection of precast elements providing also the shear connection of the precast deck and the steel structure is able to resist combined loading and it is not a cause of any reduction of stiffness in bending and thus the proposed connection has no influence on distribution of internal forces and it can serve as full shear connection [4].
In the future there should be gathered more data and information from experimental measurements for determining of load bearing capacity of this type of shear connection.
Online since: November 2017
Authors: Mykola Trehub, Kseniia Tiukhmenova, Kostiantyn Kravchenko
However, the use of these mechanisms needs to ensure the credibility of achieving a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
This methodology for estimating greenhouse gas emission reductions during the rehabilitation of the building was developed and based on data on the physical processes of heat exchange and transformation of heat flows in the enclosure structures of houses and in heat consumption systems, taking into account regulatory requirements for structures and engineering systems, as well as the methods of their calculations.
Summarized and justified three possible types of errors that influence the correct data of energy efficiency.
References [1] Based on data of State Agency on energy efficiency and energy saving http://saee.gov.ua/uk/ae (assessed 24.10.2017)
[9] Methodology of estimation greenhouse gas emission reductions after building reconstruction [Valid from 12.07.2010].
This methodology for estimating greenhouse gas emission reductions during the rehabilitation of the building was developed and based on data on the physical processes of heat exchange and transformation of heat flows in the enclosure structures of houses and in heat consumption systems, taking into account regulatory requirements for structures and engineering systems, as well as the methods of their calculations.
Summarized and justified three possible types of errors that influence the correct data of energy efficiency.
References [1] Based on data of State Agency on energy efficiency and energy saving http://saee.gov.ua/uk/ae (assessed 24.10.2017)
[9] Methodology of estimation greenhouse gas emission reductions after building reconstruction [Valid from 12.07.2010].
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Fei Chen, Er Hu Yan, Fu Pu Li, Zhi Jun Wang
It can be seen that the rutting factor undergoes significant attenuation as the speed reduction, which has declined by 24% to 66% and 78% to 91% under 32km/h, 8km/h compared with that of 80km/h, respectively.
The preceding analysis reveals that the long sustained slope sections usually suffer frequent rutting failure, manifested principally in speed reduction and horizontal loading increase.
Moreover, the altitude has certain impact on the climbing performance of trucks due to higher altitude will result in the reduction in the engine power, affecting the speed of vehicles. ④The increase in traffic volume will affect the traffic capacity in the long sustained slope sections, and thus will affect the running speed. 3) Developing truck speed prediction model Mathematical statistics was performed for the observed speed data, and calculate the speed value under different percentages, which shall be compared to the corresponding theoretical results and correct the theoretical calculations.
Afterwards, it should derive the basic parameters of speed prediction model based on the analysis of a large number of data, so as to establish a preliminary speed prediction model.
Based on the analysis of a large number of data, it has ultimately proposed the delimitation criterion for the long sustained slopes.
The preceding analysis reveals that the long sustained slope sections usually suffer frequent rutting failure, manifested principally in speed reduction and horizontal loading increase.
Moreover, the altitude has certain impact on the climbing performance of trucks due to higher altitude will result in the reduction in the engine power, affecting the speed of vehicles. ④The increase in traffic volume will affect the traffic capacity in the long sustained slope sections, and thus will affect the running speed. 3) Developing truck speed prediction model Mathematical statistics was performed for the observed speed data, and calculate the speed value under different percentages, which shall be compared to the corresponding theoretical results and correct the theoretical calculations.
Afterwards, it should derive the basic parameters of speed prediction model based on the analysis of a large number of data, so as to establish a preliminary speed prediction model.
Based on the analysis of a large number of data, it has ultimately proposed the delimitation criterion for the long sustained slopes.
Online since: January 2010
Authors: Rodrigo C. Campana, P.C. Vieira, Ronald Lesley Plaut
The hardness ANN used the same input data, but
the output data were the hardness points (22) measured along the extrusion run-out.
Working scheme for handling the discarding ANN data.
Table 3 shows the production data for the discard ANN along with the estimated errors.
Average error between prediction and real value for production data of the discard ANN.
Average error between prediction and real value for production data of the hardness ANN.
Working scheme for handling the discarding ANN data.
Table 3 shows the production data for the discard ANN along with the estimated errors.
Average error between prediction and real value for production data of the discard ANN.
Average error between prediction and real value for production data of the hardness ANN.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Jing Jiang, Chong Yang Liu, Xiong Hua Fan, Wei Hua Wu
Unlike the traditional association-based multi-target tracking approaches, it avoids the so-called combinatorial disaster due to data association.
The data association and track continuity problems for the SMCPHD filter have been discussed in [10, 20-21].
Future work aims at studying the proposed gating strategy on the data association of the GMPHD done similarly as in [22] and developing the GMPHD incorporating Doppler information for 4-dimensional radar.
[21] Kusha Panta, Ba-Ngu Vo, Sumeetpal Singh, “Novel data association schemes for the probability hypothesis density filter,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 556–570, Apr. 2007
Clark, Ba-Ngu Vo, “Data Association and Track Management for the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density Filter,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1003–1016, Jul. 2009
The data association and track continuity problems for the SMCPHD filter have been discussed in [10, 20-21].
Future work aims at studying the proposed gating strategy on the data association of the GMPHD done similarly as in [22] and developing the GMPHD incorporating Doppler information for 4-dimensional radar.
[21] Kusha Panta, Ba-Ngu Vo, Sumeetpal Singh, “Novel data association schemes for the probability hypothesis density filter,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 556–570, Apr. 2007
Clark, Ba-Ngu Vo, “Data Association and Track Management for the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density Filter,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1003–1016, Jul. 2009
Online since: July 2012
Authors: Shao Yi Wu, Yue Xia Hu, Min Quan Kuang, Bo Tao Song
The theoretical spin Hamiltonian parameters are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, and the results are discussed.
1.
Similarly, k (and k') are the orbital reduction factors arising from the anisotropic interactions of the orbital angular momentum operator.
Substituting the related values into Eq. (1) and fitting the theoretical results to the experimental data, one can obtain: τ » 0.51 (9) The corresponding results (Cal. c) are given in Table 1.
The spin-orbit coupling coefficients z » 349 cm-1, z’ » 281 cm-1 and the orbital reduction factors k » 0.942 and k’» 0.794 are also acquired.
Discussion One can find from Table 1 that the theoretical results (Calculationc) are in good agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that the model and formulas and the related parameters adopted in this work can be regarded as suitable.
Similarly, k (and k') are the orbital reduction factors arising from the anisotropic interactions of the orbital angular momentum operator.
Substituting the related values into Eq. (1) and fitting the theoretical results to the experimental data, one can obtain: τ » 0.51 (9) The corresponding results (Cal. c) are given in Table 1.
The spin-orbit coupling coefficients z » 349 cm-1, z’ » 281 cm-1 and the orbital reduction factors k » 0.942 and k’» 0.794 are also acquired.
Discussion One can find from Table 1 that the theoretical results (Calculationc) are in good agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that the model and formulas and the related parameters adopted in this work can be regarded as suitable.