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Where η, I, F, and A are regarded as constant for the material.
Acknowledgements This current study is supported by the National Science Council, contract 97-2410-H-152-016 and 98-2221-E-152-001.
Shieh: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 25 (2000), p. 275
Chu: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 15 (2005) p. 124
Pa: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 195, No. 1-3 (2008) p. 44

In our study, the material is described by J2-deformation theory of Mises' yield criterion for a Ramberg-Osgood stress strain behavior.
In uniaxial tension, the material deforms according to 0 0 0 n ε σ σ α ε σ σ � � = + � � � � , (4) where 0σ and 0ε are the yield stress and strain respectively, α is the material constant and n is the strain-hardening exponent.
In Figs. 6(a) and 6(b), we show Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 5 the relations of 30γ= o and 90ounder plane stress condition, and in Figs. 7(a) and 7(b), the relations under plane strain condition.
W., Singular Behavior at the End of a Tensile Crack in a Hardening Material, J.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 7 [5] Chen, D.H. and Ushijima K., Elastic-Plastic Stress Singularity at the Tip of V-notch, Trans.

Investigation on pyrolysis characteristic and kinetic analysis of lignocellulosic biomass model compound Zhiqiang Wu1,a, Shuzhong Wang1,2,b, Jun Zhao1,c, Lin Chen1,d,, and Haiyu Meng1,e 1 Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi ,710049, P.R.
Materials and Methods Materials.
Chen, "Co-gasification of woody biomass and microalgae in a fluidized bed," Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2013
Hu, et al., "A comparison of biomass gasification and pyrolysis in three kinds of reactors using corn stalk pellets," Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, May 2012
Li, "An integral approximation formula for kinetic analysis of nonisothermal TGA data," AIChE Journal, vol. 31, pp. 1036-1038, 1985.

The damage has been calculated using the well known PalmgrenMiner law: i i i n D N =∑ iiN S βα −= (3) with Ni cycles to failure, α and β material parameters, and Si the amplitudes of cycles.
Grubisic: Determination of load spectra for design and testing, International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 15, pp. 8-26, 1994
Johannesson: Extrapolation of load histories and spectra, Fatigue and Fracture for Engineering Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, pp. 201-207, 2006
Beretta: Simulation of bridge-heavy road vehicle interaction and assessment of structure durability, International Journal of Vehicle Design, Vol. 10, 2003
Rychlik: "Rainflow analysis: Markov method", International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 15, pp. 454-460, 1993

All of the starting materials used were of analytical grade and used without further purifications.
Kubisa, Application of ionic liquids as solvents for polymerization processes, Progress in Polymer Science, 29 (2004) 3-12
Maginn, Ionic liquids: innovative fluids for chemical processing, AIChE Journal, 47 (2001) 2384-2389
Filipe, On the critical temperature, normal boiling point, and vapor pressure of ionic liquids, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109 (2005) 6040-6043
Mutalib, Thermophysical properties of ionic liquid with thiocyanate anion: Effect of cations, Advanced Materials Engineering and Technology 626 (2012) 686-690

Experiment Material and Method.
Dowling, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 155-156 (2004) 1861-1866
Lee, Journal of the Korean Society 40 (2002) 511-515
Beltran, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 24 (2007) 249-257
Liao, Applied Surface Science 255 (2009) 6515-6524

For even and isotropic materials, under the axial stress effect condition, the relationship between optical index change and the corresponding directions strain can be expressed by: (2) Where, is obtained by differentiation; is the photo-elastic coefficient and is the transverse strain induced by the acoustic wave.
This work was supported by Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation (No. 2011GZW1582) and the Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferros and Materials, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
Journal of sensing technology,2002,(4):278-281
Journal of Nan Chang University [J], 2004, 28(2):187-191
Guangxi journal of test and measurement technology, 2009, 23(4):319-325

In order to simulate muscle contraction well, the drive materials need to provide sufficient output force, power and deformation.
Presently, widely used artificial muscle materials include SMA, ion conducting polymer metal composite and piezoelectric.
Ghanbari: International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, Vol. 8(2011), p. 61-69 [5] K.K.
Demont: The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 203(2000), p. 2851-2863 [7] I.K.
Mann: The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 204(2001), p. 3655–3682 [8] A.

Materials and Methods The general situation of research area.
Sampling locations is in the demonstration fields under the conservation tillage, which is belong to the institute of applied ecology of Chinese academy of sciences in Gaojia country of LiShu town.
The available K major affected by material soil and human’s activities are also the reasons for differences caused by different parts.
Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2003, 34(5):398-403
Science Press, Beijing, 1999

However, their comparison is contrastive in nature, since products, unlike the samples, are used as part of structures in a complex-stressed state, in contact with other more rigid materials [1].
Revealing the change patterns in rubber samples under these factors will determinea more reasonable choice of materials that are resistant to certain operating conditions.
Panfilova, Raw materials and materials for the rubber industry, KNITU, Kazan, 2015
Sokolova, Development of frost-resistant rubber based on epichlorohydrin rubber of Hydrin T6000 brand, Materials Science Forum. 945 (2018) 356-361
Effect of antioxidant on properties of thermoplastic natural rubber based on ENR/TPU blends, Advanced Materials Research. 626 (2013) 229-232