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This means determined flow curves on base of cylindrical compression tests (samples with cast microstructure) for each of the materials can be directly implemented in a numerical simulation system.
Martins, Physical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of V-Die Forging Ingot with Central Void, in: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228 (2014) 13, p. 2347–2356, doi: 10.1177/0954406213517878
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However, the empirical cost estimation method requires mould makers to memorise the detailed mould construction steps and materials.
But for that with complex shape and large size, the cost is the sum of cost incurred in pracice for materials and manufacturing.
Acknowledgment This research was sponsored by Natural Science Foundation Program of Ningbo (2007A610017).
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Ruan: Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University.

Lightweight Structure Design of Refuge Chamber Lidong Ma1, a, Haiyan Pan2,b and Yun Wang3,c Zhijuan Meng4,d 1 Taiyun University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan,030024,China 2 Taiyun University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan,030024,China 3 Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China 4 Taiyun University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan,030024,China amald@tyust.edu.cn, bphy@tyust.edu.cn, cwy@ysu.edu.cn, dmzj@tyust.edu.cn Keywords: refuge chamber；structure design；lightweight design Abstract.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB612204) , the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51105264, 51104104) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China ( 2011011025-2).
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