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As well-known one of the use limits of solar energy cells were their costs so that it is the key to increase the use efficiency of sunlight and decrease the costs of materials of solar energy cell [5].
So there are many ways to improve the transmittance such as choosing suitable raw materials, designing correct porosity and fixing the thickness of film etc..
References [1] S.W.Glunz, New concepts for high-efficiency silicon solar cells, solar energy materials and solar cell, 2006, Vol.90(18-19):3276-3284 [2] G.
Diehl, V.Sittinger, B.Szyszka, Thin film solar cell technology in Germany, Surface and coatings technology, 2005,Vol.193(1):329-334 [5] Yang Deren, Solar cell materials, Chemical industry press, 2007 [6] XU Pichi, LU Zhongyuan, HE Fangfang, WANG Bing, Effect of heat treatment on optical thin film prepared with electrostatic self-assembly multilayer method, Journal of Sichuang university,2006, Vol.42(1):133-138 [7]Andreja Gajovi, Davor Gracin, Igor Djerdj, Nenad Tomaši, Krunoslav Jurai and Dang Sheng Su, Nanostructure of thin silicon films by ombining HRTEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy measurements and the implication to the optical properties，Applied surface science, 2006, Vol.25(28):278-2754 [8] Beomjin Yoo, Kyungkon Kim, Seung Hoon Lee, Won Mok Kim, Nam-Gyu Park, TO/ATO/TiO2 triple-layered transparent conducting substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells, Solar energy materials and solar cell, online (2008) [9] C.
Herrero, ITO/metal/ITO multilayer structures based on Ag and Cu metal films for high-performance transparent electrodes, Solar energy materials and solar cell, online(2008) [10] Yasuhiro Tachibana, Hitomi Y.

Construction and Building Materials 37, 851–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.019 [5] Khatib, J.
Metakaolin in: Waste and Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete.
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering 14(4), 533-544
Determination of pozzolanic activity of materials by thermal analysis.
Construction and Building Materials, 114, 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.188.

Abstract: Fibre-reinforced composite materials and structures have been extensively used as energy dissipating components in industries.
With the increase of crushing displacement, the crushing resistance increases due to more material dissipates energy.
Carruthers, Crashworthy capability of composite material structures, Composite Structures, 37 (1997) 109-134
Demosthenous, On the axial crumpling of fibre-reinforced composite thin-walled conical shells, International Journal of Vehicle Design, 12 (1991) 450-467
Velmurugan, Analysis of polyester and epoxy composite shells subjected to axial crushing, International Journal of Crashworthiness, 5 (2000) 333-344

At present, flux-cored wire composite material, nano material and new alloy material be used as spraying materials.
It is difficult to made solid-cored wire with above materials.
Some insulating materials possessing special chemical elements only be used in coating as flux-cored wire.
The Application of Arc Spraying Technology [J].Journal of Surface Engineering, 1994 (2). 16-31 [3] Tian Zhiling, Pan Chuan Liang Dongtu.
Journal of Hubei Automobile Industry Institute.2004 (3) : 15-18

It is a technique using super-hard tool to cut ultra-hard material such as quench steel.
So it is necessary to ensure that the stress on it should be within the elastic limit of workpiece material.
Acknowledgments This research is supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China (No.04106464).
And et al: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.129 (2002), pp.218
Zhou: Journal of South China University of Technology, Vol.22 No.2 (1994), pp.6.

The increase in wear rate takes place for both micro and nanocrystalline materials.
However for microcrystalline materials it is higher for all loads than the nanocrystalline coatings.
However, these traditional materials can result in a coating that is subject to spalling under elevated loads or component cycling (fatigue). 500 µm a 100 µm a 500 µm b Fig. 4.
Rotolico, Microstructural evaluation of WC-Co coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 1 (1992) 47-152 [2] T.
Glenesk, Development of wear resistant nanostructured duplex coatings by HVOF process for use in oil sands industry, International Journal Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8 (2008) 1–8 [5] K.H.

Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996 [2] R.
Dahotre, Materials Science in Manufacturing, first ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006 [3] B.C.
Pires, Ceramic injection moulding: influence of specimen dimensions and temperature on solvent debinding kinetics, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 160 (2005) 213–220
Doremus (eds.), Ceramic and Glass Materials: Structure, Properties and Processing, Springer, 2008, pp. 27-39 [11] W.D.
Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering, eight ed., Wiley, 2011 [12] R.E.

Extraction Study of Nitro Humic Acid from Lignite by Dry and Wet Process Yuan Yang1,2,a Ji-Ping Liu1,b Zhuo Chen2,c Hong-Cheng Li1,d 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, 100081 2School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou Guiyang, China, 550001 ayang1yuan2@126.com bliujp@bit.edu.cn cchenzhuo@163.com dcattle_li@126.com Key words: lignite; humic acid; dry process production; wet process production Abstract: Nitro humic acid was extracted from lignite of Guizhou Anshun, which production condition and process were studied.
With peat as NHA’s raw material, the maximum yield could reach 28.82% [7].
The suitable coal acid ratio can be determined according to the nature of raw materials and product requirements.
Bian, The Survey of Study of the Biological Mechanism of Humic Acid Formation, Journal of Hebei Normal University (Natural Science), 24 (2000) 526-530
An, Humic Acid Effects on Maize Radicle Growth and Vitality, Jouranl of Harbin Normal University(Natural Science), 7 (1991) 99-101

References [1] N.Van Caenegem,L.Duprez,K.Verbeken et al.Materials Science and Engineering.A481–482(20 08) 183-189
[2] Jianfeng Wan,Shipu Chen.Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science. 9(2005) 303-312
Materials Science and Engineering.
[4] Cheng Hsiu Yang,Hsin-Chih Lin,Kun-Ming Lin.Materials Science and Engineering.A518 (2009) 139-143 [5] Li Dong,Wen Yuhua,Li Ning et al.Foundry Technology. 27(2006) 1173-1176
[6] Wang Xiaoxiang,Zhao Liancheng.Journal of Functional Materials.25(1994) 440-445.

In China, ceramic raw materials are very limited, and quality parameters of these raw materials are not optimal for the porcelain tiles production.
Experimental Raw materials used in the present investigation were rare earth tailings as the main raw material, low fused sand, Zhuji Porcelain sand (provided by Jiangxi province, China).
All the above materials were powders.
These variations bring about a lower viscosity of liquid phase in materials, which should help in enhancing the densification rate of ceramic bodies [3].
When the fire temperature is above 1180 oC，a dense matrix is observed (Fig. 6(b)), indicating that below 1160 oC the sintering temperature was not high enough to yield dense ceramic materials (Fig. 6(a)).