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The crack-tip parameter C*-integral is calculated through the 2-D finite element analysis, by varying the crack distance between the two cracks (0.125£a/W£0.8) and material constants (3£n£10).The assessment method for structures containing multiple flaws under creep conditions is proposed.
Schematic illustration of a plate with two equal collinear cracks under remote tension Creep fracture parameter involving crack interaction Generally, power law is used to model the stress–strain response of engineering materials under steady state of creep (1) where is the uniaxial strain rate, is the uniaxial stress rate, E is the Young’s modulus, and B and n are the steady state creep coefficient and exponent, respectively.
Howard: An Examination of Methods of Assessing Interacting Surface Cracks by Comparison with Experimental Data, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.68 (1996), p.181-201 [2] R.A.
McClintock: Creep Relaxation of Stress around a Crack Tip, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.17 (1981), p.479-492 [7] F.Z.
Wang: C* Estimation for Cracks in Mismatched Welds and Finite Element Validation, International Journal of Fracture, vol.126 (2004), p.267-280 [8] JD Landes, JA.

Hip implent a) Main componen of hip Implant[1] b) Hip implant configuration[2] Metal-on-metal is the most common used material for hip implant due to some advantages than the other.
This process allows to machine high strength and wear-resistance material such as hip implant material.
Schmalzried, “Activity and Ions in Patients with Metal-on-Metal Bearing Hip Prostheses,” The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol. 87-A, no. 4, pp. 781–787, 2005
Mahmud, “Simulation of Micro-EDM Servomotor for Machining Micro Pits on Hip Implant,” Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 45–51, 2013
Ries, “Failure of a metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty from progressive osteolysis.,” The Journal of arthroplasty, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 877–81, Oct. 1999.

The workpiece material was 0.45%C steel, with a hardness of 50HRC.
Yang: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.132 (2003), pp.345
Chen: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol.40 (1998), pp.1209
Zhao: International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol.38 (2001), pp.2851

The dust that can be dangerous for the above applications is, according to the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association of USA), any finely divided solid material that is smaller than 420 mm [8] The most important parameters to evaluate the risk of explosion in a pharmaceutical industry are [9]: · Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) · Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT) · Thermal Stability Explosion Severity (Kst) · Minimum explosive concentration (MEC): Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients used in the pharmaceutical industry have minimum explosive concentration (MEC) in the range of 25 to 60 grams/m3.
Li, Experiment- based investigations on the effect of ignition energy on dust explosion behaviors, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 26 (2013) 869–877 [4] NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids, (2013) [5] P.
Hoffman, An Investigation of the Consequences of Primary Dust Explosions in Interconnected Vessels, Journal of Hazardous Materials, A137 (2006) 752–761 [6] Chemical Safety Board, Combustible Dust Hazard Study, (2006) [7] Chemical Safety Board, Sugar Dust Explosion an Fire, (2009) [8] http://operatingexperience.doe-hss.wikispaces.net/file/view/Combustible+Dust+Guide.pdf [9] S.
Lupelli, Experimental and numerical analysis of dust resuspension for supporting chemical and radiological risk assessment in a nuclear fusion device,” in International Conference on Mathematical Models for Engineering Science, Proceedings 2010, Code 85150 (2010) 134–147
Des. 89, (2014) 2048 [21] Lupelli I., Malizia A. , Richetta M., Poggi L.A., Ciparisse J.F., Gelfusa M., Gaudio P., Simulations and Experiments to Reach Numerical Multiphase Informations for Security Analysis on Large Volume Vacuum Systems Like Tokamaks, Journal of Fusion Energy, 34 (2015) 959-978

The elastic modulus and material density have been set to E = 1 Pa and ρ = 1 kg/m3, respectively.
SGS16/037/OHK1/1T/11, and from the Czech Science Foundation, through project No. 14-00420S.
Kočvara, Structural topology optimization with eigenvalues, SIAM Journal on Optimization 18.4 (2007) 1129-1164
Nemirovski, Robust truss topology design via semidefinite programming, SIAM Journal on Optimization 7.4 (1997) 991-1016
Greenberg, Automatic design of optimal structures, Journal de Mecanique 3 (1964) 25-52.[7] J.

Experimental Materials TCE was available commercially and used without further purification.
Knappe: Carbon Vol.40 (2002), p.2085 [9]S.Brunauer,P.H.Emmett and E.Teller:Journal of American Chemical SocietyVol.60(1938), P.309 [10]Orfao, Silva, Pereira, Barata,: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Vol. 296(2006), p.480 [11] Boehm, H.P.: Carbon Vol.32 (1994), p.759 [12] Chintawar PS, Greene HL: Appl Catal B: Environmental Vol. 14(1997), p.37 [13] S.
Journal of Hazardous Material B, Vol.135, p.395

As shown in Fig. 1, the cushion is a layer of soft material, which is placed between the raft and the soil surface, to adjust stress distribution on the raft.
The length of pile is 5 m, the corresponding spacing of pile is 40cm, 50cm and 60cm, the material of cushion is coarse sand.
According to different material of soil and highway, the model is divided to several groups, containing fine sand, silty clay, mucky soil, cushion, embankment and pavement.
Journal of Hohai University, 2006, 34(4): 447-450
Journal of Central South University, 2009, 16(1): 131-135.

Table 1 The similar constants Mechanical parameter similarity rule value Mechanical parameter similarity rule value geometry 30 time 5.464 Elastic modulus 30 period 5.464 density 1 frequency 0.183 stress 30 accelerate 1 Poisson ratio 1 strain 1 The Main Properties of the Model Materials.
Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51108357) and The National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAB04A05).
Chen: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Vol. 12 (2003), p. 98 [3] J.
Wang: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering No. 1 (1999), p. 50 [4] J.
Wang: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering No. 10 (1999), p. 65 [5] B.

Biosorption is a process that involves the use of biological materials that form complexes with metal ions using their functional groups [6].
Bacterium secreted sticky material called EPS constituting proteins, polysaccharides, humic acids, and lipids that assisted cell adhesion, thereby should be helpful to initiate the aerobic granulation process [15].
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 40 (2009) 333-336 [4] Cristina Quintelas, Zélia Rocha, Bruna Silva, Bruna Fonseca, Hugo Figueiredo, Teresa Tavares, Removal of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Fe(III) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions by an E. coli biofilm supported on kaolin, J.
Chemical Engineering Journal, 149 (2009) 319–324 [5] V.
Chemical Engineering Journal, 164 (2010) 16–22

Establishment of Calculation Model MARC is used in building the model and the calculation model including material model and geometric model is also used in this paper.
The geometric model is shown in Fig. 1. 2.2 Material constitutive model The accuracy of finite element numerical results mostly determine depends on the rationality of material constitutive model and the accuracy of calculation parameters.
Some problems in application of contact element in settlement checking of the group pile．Journal of TongJi University，1998，26（2）: 149－152.
Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering，1995，17（3）: 53-59 (In Chinese) [8]Fuquan Chen, Xiaonan Gong, Shidong Ma.
Three-dimensional finite analysis and the field test of the negative friction of the piles．Journal of Building Structure, 2000, 21（3）77－80 (In Chinese)