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Online since: December 2010
Authors: Gui Rong Weng, Jing Li
Gene expression data usually have only a dozen or a few dozens of samples, but hundreds or even more than a million feature variables, if we classify the data directly, often fail to get good results, so for such a large data, dimensionality reduction becomes a key to the success of gene data classification.
High-dimensional data reduction method Data dimensionality reduction has played a more and more important role in research recent years.
Map high-dimensional data to low-dimensional space, and low-dimensional data can reflect the information in the original high-dimensional data, this is called data dimensionality reduction[2].
PCA is short for principal component analysis, it is a linear method which compresses data through the covariance matrix of the data, integrate the original data to extract the comprehensive variables which reflect the information of the original data best, comprehensive variables extracted are called principle component, the principle component is usually a linear combination of the original data[3].
In this study, the first 38 group of samples as the training data, the latter group of 34 samples as the test data, using two methods for testing, one is the non-linear Laplacian Eigenmaps dimensionality reduction combined with SVM (linear kernel function) classification, the other method is the linear dimensionality reduction PCA dimensionality reduction combined with SVM (linear kernel function) classification.
High-dimensional data reduction method Data dimensionality reduction has played a more and more important role in research recent years.
Map high-dimensional data to low-dimensional space, and low-dimensional data can reflect the information in the original high-dimensional data, this is called data dimensionality reduction[2].
PCA is short for principal component analysis, it is a linear method which compresses data through the covariance matrix of the data, integrate the original data to extract the comprehensive variables which reflect the information of the original data best, comprehensive variables extracted are called principle component, the principle component is usually a linear combination of the original data[3].
In this study, the first 38 group of samples as the training data, the latter group of 34 samples as the test data, using two methods for testing, one is the non-linear Laplacian Eigenmaps dimensionality reduction combined with SVM (linear kernel function) classification, the other method is the linear dimensionality reduction PCA dimensionality reduction combined with SVM (linear kernel function) classification.
Online since: January 2014
Authors: Xing Chun Li, Jing Ya Wen, Jiang Long, Xian Yuan Du, Yu Li
Some researches, chiefly focuses on potential and ways of energy conservation and emissions reduction, are mostly based on energy conservation and less on emissions reduction.
Water Pollution Emission Reduction Measures.
This study was to obtain the potimal emision reduction scheme based on a selected typical enterprise parameters to verify the feasibility of the established model, the specific data were shown in Table 1 to Table 3.
Table 1 Data for pollution reduction potential model of refining and chemical enterprises Pollutant Pollutant source Industrial emissions standards(mg/L) Wastewater quantity(t/h) Pollutant concentration (mg/L) COD Catalytic reforming unit(CRU) 200 1060 194 Catalytic cracing unit(CCU) 200 1960 289 Delay catalytic unit 200 3012 289 Hydrofining unit — 0 0 Oxidized asphalt plant — 0 0 Acrylonitrile unit — 0 0 Furfural treatment 200 2960 222 Ethylene unit 200 1160 300 Propylene unit 200 960 661 Pressure-relief devices 200 1160 451 Sulfur recovery unit — 0 0 NH3-N Catalytic cracing unit 25 1010 32.6 Furfural treatment 25 2167 13.01 Sulfur recovery unit (containing sewage stripping) 25 1651 44.7 Table 2 Pollution control equipment parameters for refining and chemical industrial Pollutants Pollution control measures Removal rate (%) Unit processing costs (104 t/104 yuan) Buiding area (m³) COD SBR 90 4000 500 MycelxTM 85 1000 400 NH3-N SBR 75 2000 500 MycelxTM 85 4000 700 Table 3 Existing
In discussion, the following may be drawn based on the optimization model calculation results of this study: (1) For the maximum pollution emission reductions of oil refining chemical enterprise, the maximum emission reductions of COD for refining and chemical enterprises was 6481.50 tons, calculated by means of computer, remarkably improved 29.63% compared with the target reductions (5000 tons); Similarly, the maximum emission reductions of NH3-N was 549.51 tons, improved 9.90% compared with the target reductions (500 tons), which has excellently finished the pollution emission reduction task during "the 12th Five-Year Plan".
Water Pollution Emission Reduction Measures.
This study was to obtain the potimal emision reduction scheme based on a selected typical enterprise parameters to verify the feasibility of the established model, the specific data were shown in Table 1 to Table 3.
Table 1 Data for pollution reduction potential model of refining and chemical enterprises Pollutant Pollutant source Industrial emissions standards(mg/L) Wastewater quantity(t/h) Pollutant concentration (mg/L) COD Catalytic reforming unit(CRU) 200 1060 194 Catalytic cracing unit(CCU) 200 1960 289 Delay catalytic unit 200 3012 289 Hydrofining unit — 0 0 Oxidized asphalt plant — 0 0 Acrylonitrile unit — 0 0 Furfural treatment 200 2960 222 Ethylene unit 200 1160 300 Propylene unit 200 960 661 Pressure-relief devices 200 1160 451 Sulfur recovery unit — 0 0 NH3-N Catalytic cracing unit 25 1010 32.6 Furfural treatment 25 2167 13.01 Sulfur recovery unit (containing sewage stripping) 25 1651 44.7 Table 2 Pollution control equipment parameters for refining and chemical industrial Pollutants Pollution control measures Removal rate (%) Unit processing costs (104 t/104 yuan) Buiding area (m³) COD SBR 90 4000 500 MycelxTM 85 1000 400 NH3-N SBR 75 2000 500 MycelxTM 85 4000 700 Table 3 Existing
In discussion, the following may be drawn based on the optimization model calculation results of this study: (1) For the maximum pollution emission reductions of oil refining chemical enterprise, the maximum emission reductions of COD for refining and chemical enterprises was 6481.50 tons, calculated by means of computer, remarkably improved 29.63% compared with the target reductions (5000 tons); Similarly, the maximum emission reductions of NH3-N was 549.51 tons, improved 9.90% compared with the target reductions (500 tons), which has excellently finished the pollution emission reduction task during "the 12th Five-Year Plan".
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Xiu Qin Ma, Lin Pei Chu, Hao Yang Liu, Hong Lin
The paper analyzes the fuel-switching project for district heating and main pollutant reductions, emission reductions of atmospheric particulate matter are calculated by materials accounting method.
The economic, environmental and social benefits are also calculated according to pollutant reductions.
In this paper, reductions of the pollutant emissions have been calculated and the co-benefits have been analyzed.
Reference to the literature [4,5] get the data of the residential layer burning wet de-dusting boilers as Table2 : Table 2 Data of the layer burning boiler Combustion mode The dust of the coal The bottom ash in the total ash Proportion of particulate matter in the flue gas Removal efficiency Layer burning boiler 0.084 0.85 0.80 0.13 0.07 0.99 0.90 0.50 This project only consider the residential heating boilers, so A is the coal consumption, is 44.72t.
Suppose this project only use one control technology, so , and , from calculations, all the particulate matter emissions can be obtained from Table 3: Table 3 Result of three kinds of particulate matter emissions Particulate Matter 0.0126 [t/t] 1.008 1.638 4.41 [t] 450.78 732.51 1972.15 The emission reductions of particulate matter: Natural gas as clean energy, regarded as no particulate emissions after burning, so the emission reductions of TSP is 3155.44t, the emission reductions of PM10 is 2704.66t, and the emission reductions of PM2.5 is 1972.15t.
The economic, environmental and social benefits are also calculated according to pollutant reductions.
In this paper, reductions of the pollutant emissions have been calculated and the co-benefits have been analyzed.
Reference to the literature [4,5] get the data of the residential layer burning wet de-dusting boilers as Table2 : Table 2 Data of the layer burning boiler Combustion mode The dust of the coal The bottom ash in the total ash Proportion of particulate matter in the flue gas Removal efficiency Layer burning boiler 0.084 0.85 0.80 0.13 0.07 0.99 0.90 0.50 This project only consider the residential heating boilers, so A is the coal consumption, is 44.72t.
Suppose this project only use one control technology, so , and , from calculations, all the particulate matter emissions can be obtained from Table 3: Table 3 Result of three kinds of particulate matter emissions Particulate Matter 0.0126 [t/t] 1.008 1.638 4.41 [t] 450.78 732.51 1972.15 The emission reductions of particulate matter: Natural gas as clean energy, regarded as no particulate emissions after burning, so the emission reductions of TSP is 3155.44t, the emission reductions of PM10 is 2704.66t, and the emission reductions of PM2.5 is 1972.15t.
Online since: August 2011
Authors: Xi Jun Liu, Bin Chen
For the independent variable, according to the study of W.P.S.Dias et al.[2], the optimum models can be given by the raw data, and the non-dimensional ratios does not result in good models.
The discovery of a certain property allows us to describe the information of the universe, or to predict the unseen data in the future.
Alternatively, a property can be understood as a previously unknown pattern to be discovered by a data analysis task, for example, an association of attributes, a cluster of objects, a set of classification rules, a preference ordering of objects, or the similarities or differences among objects.
The theory of rough sets has been applied to data analysis, data mining and knowledge discovery.
Slowinski: Intelligent Decision Support: Handbook of Applications and Advances of the Rough Sets Theory (Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1992) [5] Z.Pawlak: Rough Sets-Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 1991)
The discovery of a certain property allows us to describe the information of the universe, or to predict the unseen data in the future.
Alternatively, a property can be understood as a previously unknown pattern to be discovered by a data analysis task, for example, an association of attributes, a cluster of objects, a set of classification rules, a preference ordering of objects, or the similarities or differences among objects.
The theory of rough sets has been applied to data analysis, data mining and knowledge discovery.
Slowinski: Intelligent Decision Support: Handbook of Applications and Advances of the Rough Sets Theory (Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1992) [5] Z.Pawlak: Rough Sets-Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 1991)
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Rong Shu Zhu, Fei Tian, Ling Ling Zhang, Ling Min Yu
Key words: BrO3-; Titanium Dioxide; Photocatalytic Reduction Kinetics.
Their experimental data showed that the kinetic curve of the bromate photocatalytic removal at pH 5.0 was very different from that at pH 7.0 and the bromate removal was greatly promoted at pH 5.0.
To verify the effect on bromate reduction at low pH, the bromate reduction was investigated under dark condition at pH 3.0.
However, in fact, they still play a certain roles in promoting bromate reduction.
In the existence of Fe3+, the bromate reduction is easier than other cations.
Their experimental data showed that the kinetic curve of the bromate photocatalytic removal at pH 5.0 was very different from that at pH 7.0 and the bromate removal was greatly promoted at pH 5.0.
To verify the effect on bromate reduction at low pH, the bromate reduction was investigated under dark condition at pH 3.0.
However, in fact, they still play a certain roles in promoting bromate reduction.
In the existence of Fe3+, the bromate reduction is easier than other cations.
Online since: January 2014
Authors: Zhi Xiang Sun, Yan Kong, Wen Yan Li, Li Tan
In order to verify the accuracy of the simulation results, the comparison of simulation results with experimental data of periodical was made[6].
As shown in Fig.5, simulation results are comparatively consistent with the experiment data.
In order to verify the accuracy of the simulation results, the comparison of simulation results with experimental data of periodical was made[7].
Meanwhile we can see that the Simulation result is slightly lower than experimental data.
(2) Simulation results are comparatively consistent with the experiment data.
As shown in Fig.5, simulation results are comparatively consistent with the experiment data.
In order to verify the accuracy of the simulation results, the comparison of simulation results with experimental data of periodical was made[7].
Meanwhile we can see that the Simulation result is slightly lower than experimental data.
(2) Simulation results are comparatively consistent with the experiment data.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Anton Puškár, Milan Vanc
Abstract
Experimental tasks formulation, an input reductions and experiment realizations contain scientific methods of physical effects and the relation of physical quantities followed by an objective evaluation of experimental data and results generalization using the theory of similarity.
Aerodynamic experimental data evaluation. 6.
Experimental aerodynamic data evaluation The experimental data evaluation aim is the maximum compression of the information gathered by the experiment realization in following the evaluation objectivity. 6.
The model task solution and the data transfer from teh model to work.
There are other criteria that can be used to select data points, e. g. estimates intependence.
Aerodynamic experimental data evaluation. 6.
Experimental aerodynamic data evaluation The experimental data evaluation aim is the maximum compression of the information gathered by the experiment realization in following the evaluation objectivity. 6.
The model task solution and the data transfer from teh model to work.
There are other criteria that can be used to select data points, e. g. estimates intependence.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Ya Feng Nie, Cai Hong Lu, Bo Liu, Xiu Wen Qu, Xiao Bo Bai
According to the statistical data, the disposal cost of excess sludge was very high and held the 25~65% of the total operating cost in the STPs in the developed countries while the disposal facilities of sludge held the 60~70% of the total construction cost [1].
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of process for the reduction of activated sludge by ozone.
Hajsardar et al. [24] studied the reduction efficiency of sludge in a SBR process by the ozonation.
Table 1 The reduction efficiencies of excess sludge by the ozonation under the different conditions.
Choi, Ozonation of wastewater sludge for reduction and recycling, Water Sci.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of process for the reduction of activated sludge by ozone.
Hajsardar et al. [24] studied the reduction efficiency of sludge in a SBR process by the ozonation.
Table 1 The reduction efficiencies of excess sludge by the ozonation under the different conditions.
Choi, Ozonation of wastewater sludge for reduction and recycling, Water Sci.
Online since: August 2011
Authors: Bin Ren, Shu You Zhang
Currently accepted definition of data mining is that: knowledge acquisition is the non-trivial process of identifying valid, novel potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data [9].
It can be used as the data source for configuration rules.
(7) Reduction of the rules, then add the rules into fuzzy rules library.
(2) The characteristics of simulation data are discussed, so that we could deal with the simulation data with the algorithm of fuzzy rough set
Kamath, in: An Introduction to Scientific Data Mining, edtied by Institute for Pure&Appl.
It can be used as the data source for configuration rules.
(7) Reduction of the rules, then add the rules into fuzzy rules library.
(2) The characteristics of simulation data are discussed, so that we could deal with the simulation data with the algorithm of fuzzy rough set
Kamath, in: An Introduction to Scientific Data Mining, edtied by Institute for Pure&Appl.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Shao Rui Sun, Ye Xu Lu, Ji Min Wu, Shao Hua Zhang
Surrounding rock parameters corresponding to monitoring data were analyzed by using of back analysis method.
Analysis of monitoring data in the field 2.1 Engineering situation Fenghuang mountain tunnel is located in Suzhou city in China.
(c) The rationality of finite element analysis has been proved when comparing the calculating results and the monitoring data.
The monitoring data are shown in figure 9.
The monitoring data are shown in figure 10.
Analysis of monitoring data in the field 2.1 Engineering situation Fenghuang mountain tunnel is located in Suzhou city in China.
(c) The rationality of finite element analysis has been proved when comparing the calculating results and the monitoring data.
The monitoring data are shown in figure 9.
The monitoring data are shown in figure 10.