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Further heat treatment carried out under argon atmosphere at 900°C for 8 hours resulted in completion of Cr2O3 reduction by Al.
Analysis of the diffraction rings enabled to establish the phases present as Cu, Al2O3 and Cr, which is also comparable with the results obtained from the XRD data analysis.
In fact, oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the interfaces during heat treatment and nanosized Cr particulates surrounded by Al2O3 are formed in Cu matrix.
It was found that during the milling process, Cu(Al) solid solution and Cu9Al4 phase were formed as the intermediate products and reduction of Cr2O3 with Al was completed during heat treatment.

For Mg-(7-11)Zn-4Al alloys with the Zn content increase, improved creep resistance is obtained due to block τ-Mg32(Al, Zn)49 phase, with severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and the best creep property is obtained with 11wt.% Zn concentration.
However there is a lack of consensus data concerning the microstructure of such alloys and more information about the relationship among element concentration, microstructure and properties.
It can be seen from the table that the Mg-(7-11) Zn-4Al alloys show severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and slightly increasing yield strength with the Zn content increase.
For Mg-(7-11)Zn-4Al alloys with the Zn content increase, improved creep resistance is obtained due to block τ-Mg32(Al, Zn)49 phase, with severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and the best creep property is obtained with 11wt.% Zn concentration.

The use of microfluidic devices brings some benefits such as low reagent consumption, shorter analysis time, portability and cost reduction.
As product variety increases within a competitive market the reduction of the time-to-market is desired.
Even selecting the machining parameter is a challenge in micro milling, since unlike a conventional process there is limited data base.
The same parameters were applied in roughing and finishing and no tool breakage took place during the cutting process proving good feasibility plus the large potential for machining time reduction.
In addition the tool life and wear will be investigated and fundamental experiments to extend the data base will be performed.

Structure of the communication network The secondary device in the local bottom control cabinet is in charge of the data acquisition and uploading data through the bus.
To extend data service center at the corresponding level, the RS - 485 bus is set up between the heating data aggregation server and the server at the corresponding level.
The data communication is through a serial protocol.
The machine with interfaces is responsible for transferring summarized data to the local data service center.
Data monitoring platform Data monitoring platform is achieved through the iFix configuration software from General Electric Company.

This will be beneficial for the establishment of the transparent window and for the minimum use of air for air speed reduction.
Fig. 2 Experimental setup Fig. 3 Setup for the laser sensor and the air piece The optical measurement system is connected to a computer which is used for data processing.
This is because more coolant is brought into the region causing a reduction in At.
For the other two cases, the reduction in At is not so clear (Fig. 7).
An increase in the table velocity causes a reduction in the transparent region area.

At this time, the drawing reduction in area were 8%, 22% and 35%, respectively.
These data were estimated by using the linear analysis.
The specimens were cold drawn with reductions of 8%, 22% and 35% after solution treatment at 1213K.
The high and cold reduction before aging shortened the time to reach peak hardness in aging at 713K.
The highest hardness and tensile strength were 306HV and 968MPa, respectively in the specimen with the reduction of 22% before aging at 693K.

The results shows fly ash has the higher density compare to the others and kaolin has the highest reduction of weight percentage.
The equation used is: From the data table below and Figure 7 below, we can observe that the fly ash has the higher bulk density which is 2.286 g/cm3 compare to kaolin, pozzolanic, white clay, and silica sand with reading 2.126 g/cm3, 2.122 g/cm3, 2.093 g/cm3, and 1.986 g/cm3 respectively.
Percentage of reduction Figure 8: Comparison graph of weight % reduction between samples Figure 9: Samples after burning test in the furnace Conclusion From this research, it was found that geopolymer composite can be industrial as the piping system application through filament winding technique that not only environmentally product but also can be ease the production cost of the product.
While on the burn out test it shows geopolymer composite pipe with pozzolanic shows the lowest reduction of wt%.

There are a few studies with thin sheets, in which the fretting fatigue has more impact because a small reduction of the cross section due to the wear of crack results in a significant increase of stress and rate of crack propatation, decresing the number of cycles until failure.
There is also another ASTM standard [3] with some guidelines of fretting tests, recommendations of devices, alignment and mounting, surface preparation, data acquisition, report, as well the terminology.
The solution for both problems was the reduction of pressure on the grip to fix the specimen, and test frequency reduction to 30 Hz.
Because of the thin specimen, a small reduction on the thickness due to the wear and the crack is going to increase the local stress, allowing elevating the crack propagation rate compared to the lower contact region of the pad, see Figure 7.

Composite materials with Co(P) particles embedded into pores of silica and track etched polycarbonate membranes were fabricated by an electroless reduction.
An increase in the phosphorus content causes a reduction of the grain size [8].
Measurement of FMR spectrum and magnetization curves at different orientations of an external field allow us to obtained data about macroscopic magnetic anisotropy of synthesized samples.
For the samples with linear pores an increase of pores size causes a reduction in Ha value.
Conclusion In summary, the composite materials with Co(P) particles embedded into pores of activated carbon, silica, and PCTE membranes were fabricated by an electroless reduction.

The results showed that Cd caused a reduction in seedling growth and distribution of biomass, mineral contents, compared to the control.
Dry weight of seedling increased with duration of germination and there were significant difference on seedling dry weight between control and Cd treatment after 4 d of germination (Fig. 1).The results are consistent with earlier studies of various crops which have shown that higher levels of heavy metals cause a significant reduction in growth parameters and other essential metabolites [10].
Data are shown as mean ± SD of 6 replications.
Under Cd stress, starch content remained high, with a slight reduction.
At 100 μmol L-1 Cd toxicity, 15.79–55.00 % reduction was noticed in activities of acid invertases during the time-course of germination (Fig. 4).