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The data obtained in these studies were the basis for the development of the concept of functional multilayer coatings for cutting tools with programmable properties, providing an opportunity for each coating layer to perform a required function at a certain stage of tool wear.
Ion surface modification of the tool with other studied elements demonstrates unstable or negative results that reduction in tool life or inability to provide good adhesion between the coating and substrate.
When selecting metallic materials used for tribological data set compatibility contacting elements.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data from Table 1 show that the mixing of antifrictional alloys, that is widely used to improve conditions of sliding friction [1,2,3], allows to increase the tool life not more than by two times.
Acting as a liquid metal lubricant at cutting temperatures, indium encourages reduction of the friction coefficient.

CP-Ti plates were rolled to at various temperatures between 25°C and 600°C to achieve 60% reduction, and were subsequently annealed at 600°C for various time periods.
Microstructures developed during rolling and subsequent recrystallization were characterized via EBSD (electron backscattering diffraction) using a Hitachi 3400SE field-emission-gun scanningelectron microscope (FEG-SEM) and TSL-OIM TM software; any measured points whose CI (confidence index) is less than 0.1 were excluded from the analysis of the EBSD data; high-angle grain boundaries were assigned to the locations of lattice misorientation exceeding 10°.
When specimens were rolled to 60% reduction at various temperatures and reheated to 600°C for 1 min., recrystallization nuclei formed and the number frequency and the distribution of these depended on the rolling temperature.
In view of the harness data in the present study, it may be concluded that stored energy decreased with the rolling temperature.
Therefore, the slow recrystallization kinetics in the specimen rolled at 600°C can be explained on the same basis of the stored energy reduction, but not for the specimens rolled at 150°C~450°C that showed the opposite trend.

One of the reasons for that is a substantial legislatively enforced reduction of the carbon dioxide emission of vehicles [9].
Additionally, a linear interpolation of the force data from the second experiment over the path data of the first experiment was performed.
It can be clearly seen that IQR increases from the fibre orientation Φ = 0° to Φ = 90° which is caused by a higher variance of the experimental data.
The model was assessed against the experimental data.
A high deviation of the analytical model from the experimental data was observed for the fibre orientation Φ = 30°.

Composite materials with Co(P) particles embedded into pores of silica and track etched polycarbonate membranes were fabricated by an electroless reduction.
An increase in the phosphorus content causes a reduction of the grain size [8].
Measurement of FMR spectrum and magnetization curves at different orientations of an external field allow us to obtained data about macroscopic magnetic anisotropy of synthesized samples.
For the samples with linear pores an increase of pores size causes a reduction in Ha value.
Conclusion In summary, the composite materials with Co(P) particles embedded into pores of activated carbon, silica, and PCTE membranes were fabricated by an electroless reduction.

The results shows fly ash has the higher density compare to the others and kaolin has the highest reduction of weight percentage.
The equation used is: From the data table below and Figure 7 below, we can observe that the fly ash has the higher bulk density which is 2.286 g/cm3 compare to kaolin, pozzolanic, white clay, and silica sand with reading 2.126 g/cm3, 2.122 g/cm3, 2.093 g/cm3, and 1.986 g/cm3 respectively.
Percentage of reduction Figure 8: Comparison graph of weight % reduction between samples Figure 9: Samples after burning test in the furnace Conclusion From this research, it was found that geopolymer composite can be industrial as the piping system application through filament winding technique that not only environmentally product but also can be ease the production cost of the product.
While on the burn out test it shows geopolymer composite pipe with pozzolanic shows the lowest reduction of wt%.

There are a few studies with thin sheets, in which the fretting fatigue has more impact because a small reduction of the cross section due to the wear of crack results in a significant increase of stress and rate of crack propatation, decresing the number of cycles until failure.
There is also another ASTM standard [3] with some guidelines of fretting tests, recommendations of devices, alignment and mounting, surface preparation, data acquisition, report, as well the terminology.
The solution for both problems was the reduction of pressure on the grip to fix the specimen, and test frequency reduction to 30 Hz.
Because of the thin specimen, a small reduction on the thickness due to the wear and the crack is going to increase the local stress, allowing elevating the crack propagation rate compared to the lower contact region of the pad, see Figure 7.

The results showed that Cd caused a reduction in seedling growth and distribution of biomass, mineral contents, compared to the control.
Dry weight of seedling increased with duration of germination and there were significant difference on seedling dry weight between control and Cd treatment after 4 d of germination (Fig. 1).The results are consistent with earlier studies of various crops which have shown that higher levels of heavy metals cause a significant reduction in growth parameters and other essential metabolites [10].
Data are shown as mean ± SD of 6 replications.
Under Cd stress, starch content remained high, with a slight reduction.
At 100 μmol L-1 Cd toxicity, 15.79–55.00 % reduction was noticed in activities of acid invertases during the time-course of germination (Fig. 4).

Gold nanoparticles were prepared by NaBH4 reduction method, and homogeneous SiO2 were coated on gold nanoparticles and assembled into densely-packed 3-dimensional arrays by the layer-by-layer self-assembly (LBL) technique.
Introduction Metal nanocrystallites embedded in transparent matrix exhibit novel linear and nonlinear optical properties due to local field enhancement near the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the metal, are essential for light-controlled phase and refractive index modulation for future applications in various fields such as optical telecommunications, data storage, optical computing and information processing [1].
Gold colloids were prepared by NaBH4 reduction method [7]. 1mL 1%wt HAuCl4 aqueous solution, 2 mL 38.8 mM sodium citrate aqueous solution and 1 mL 0.75% NaBH4 aqueous solution were added into 90 mL water at room temperature.
A change in absorption coefficient with the pump-pulse intensity I is expressed by Iβα=∆ (1) 0 10000 20000 30000 � (cm-1 ) 8layer 6layer 3layer Au�SiO2 acid reduction p=0.047 2.26eV 2.30eV 2.35eV 2.0 2.5 3.0 -2000 0 2000 8layer 6layer 3layer �� (cm-1) Photon Energy (eV) Delay Time:0.1ps pump:3.12 eV power:10.6 GW/cm 2 0 5 10 15 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 2.26eV 8layer � � (cm -1 ) pump power I (GW/cm 2 ) � obs =(-2.5 r 0.9) ˜ 10 2 (cm/GW) Au � SiO 2 acid reduction pump:3.12eV Im � (3) =(-8.7 r 3.3) ˜ 10 -11 (esu) Im � (3) / � =(-3.2 r 1.2) ˜ 10 -15 (esu � cm) p=0.047 Fig. 3.

The latest data predicts that in addition to gas in the shale is also petroleum.
The structure of former austeniteafter deformation ε=0,05 and deformation rate 5s-1 in temperature 1180°C: A- X80 steel (zoom 200X); B- X100 steel (zoom 500X) From the data presented in the graph can be deduced that in the case of steel X80 is the critical strain (ε < 0.05), which results is a rapid growth of austenite grains.
Austenite grain size reduction was observed for strain ε > 0.2.
Local austenite grain size reduction was observed which resulted in a reduction in average grain size austenite in steel.

In visbreaking desorption characteristics of the dung beetle, domestic and foreign scholars have proposed a geometric non-smooth Surface drag reduction [1-3].In order to understand the cut of the cutting characteristics of the soil mechanical bionic cutter with soil, Dredging cutter metal materials, non-smooth surface of the sample the typical pit-shaped sticky soil direct shear tests were used to measure the pressure of soil under the resistance shear strength index, and compare the process of cutting the sample suffered the cohesion and friction, has been the reduction of the different parameters of the bionic surface adhesion and resistance effects, and provides a reference for the optimization design of the bionic cutter.
Table 1 Concave cutter surface texture parameters The bionic tool’s name Concave cutter 1 2.6875 2.6875 10 9.1681 Concave cutter 2 4.0313 4.0313 13.7454 13.3250 Concave cutter 3 4.7031 4.7031 15.7128 19.0887 Concave cutter 4 5.3750 5.3750 18.2639 18.3724 Test records and results analysis Test records and results analysis of direct shear test, including direct shear test data records and test data processing.
According to experimental data obtained the normal stress σ and shear stress τ imposed in test of each group.The leverage presented in DJY-4 quadruple strain direct shear apparatus, its ratio is 12:1.
Boundary Layer Drag Reduction Using Riblets.AIAA paper.(1982),82-0169