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Online since: October 2013
Authors: Meng Xiong Zeng, Wen Ouyang, Zhu Qing Zhen
Gray model GM (1, 1) is based on gray prediction, with some known data; it could quantify the abstract concept of system information, and then set them in a model, at last forecast part of the unknown data through the model optimization.
GM (1, 1) model is to process random variables as gray quantity, look for the law between data, make up for the lack of data processing methods.
Modeling process of gray prediction model is to accumulate the irregular raw data, to get the generated sequence which has strong regularity before modeling, then obtain reduction model through regressive model data, at last, the reduction model is a predictive model.
Then, we got .As, the series of was used as the data of GM (1, 1) for forecasting.
Conclusions According to the historical demand data, the paper established a reasonable gray prediction model through the preprocessing for raw data, and got predicted values which had high precision.
GM (1, 1) model is to process random variables as gray quantity, look for the law between data, make up for the lack of data processing methods.
Modeling process of gray prediction model is to accumulate the irregular raw data, to get the generated sequence which has strong regularity before modeling, then obtain reduction model through regressive model data, at last, the reduction model is a predictive model.
Then, we got .As, the series of was used as the data of GM (1, 1) for forecasting.
Conclusions According to the historical demand data, the paper established a reasonable gray prediction model through the preprocessing for raw data, and got predicted values which had high precision.
Online since: September 2015
Authors: Anton Petrochenkov
One of the main stages of the life cycle is the stage of maintenance, which acts as a stage of storage of statistical data, and as a stage of testing and inspection equipment to meet specified performance reliability.
Reduction.
The primary purpose of the reduction is eliminating unsuccessful decisions and maintaining population at an optimal level (depending on computer memory).
Forming (A, B, C, M) Calculation of fitness-function ω(P) Data recording (actual part) Facilities management, measures of technical conditions Failure of the equipment No Data recording (statistics part) Data recording (measurement part) Data recording (measurement part) Decision on replacement/r disposal Data recording (statistics part) End Adjustment, decision-making.
Development of the enterprise standard Data recording (actual part) Start According to data and operations manuals taken from databases According to developed methods Comparison with initial conditions Recovery Bad ω(P) Fig. 1.
Reduction.
The primary purpose of the reduction is eliminating unsuccessful decisions and maintaining population at an optimal level (depending on computer memory).
Forming (A, B, C, M) Calculation of fitness-function ω(P) Data recording (actual part) Facilities management, measures of technical conditions Failure of the equipment No Data recording (statistics part) Data recording (measurement part) Data recording (measurement part) Decision on replacement/r disposal Data recording (statistics part) End Adjustment, decision-making.
Development of the enterprise standard Data recording (actual part) Start According to data and operations manuals taken from databases According to developed methods Comparison with initial conditions Recovery Bad ω(P) Fig. 1.
Online since: October 2004
Authors: Zbigniew L. Kowalewski
The experimental data achieved are discussed in detail and used to verify the
basic assumptions of the recovery creep theory.
Although the problem has been previously studied experimentally for several materials, only limited amount of available data reflects the influence of plastic predeformation on creep process up to rupture [1, 2, 5, 8, 10].
Up to now the amount of experimental data is still insufficient to estimate exactly whether the increase or decrease of creep strengthening occurs up to a certain amount of prior deformation only, or whether this creep property is in some way proportional to the amount of predeformation.
The creep data for aluminium alloy exhibit the same tendency of lifetime variation due to prestraining in both temperatures under the question, namely, an extension of lifetime proportional to the magnitude of plastic prestrain.
• It has been found that a good agreement between experimental data and predictions of the recovery creep theory can be achieved only for sufficiently low level of predeformation, lower than 5% in the case of copper, and lower than 6% for aluminium alloy.
Although the problem has been previously studied experimentally for several materials, only limited amount of available data reflects the influence of plastic predeformation on creep process up to rupture [1, 2, 5, 8, 10].
Up to now the amount of experimental data is still insufficient to estimate exactly whether the increase or decrease of creep strengthening occurs up to a certain amount of prior deformation only, or whether this creep property is in some way proportional to the amount of predeformation.
The creep data for aluminium alloy exhibit the same tendency of lifetime variation due to prestraining in both temperatures under the question, namely, an extension of lifetime proportional to the magnitude of plastic prestrain.
• It has been found that a good agreement between experimental data and predictions of the recovery creep theory can be achieved only for sufficiently low level of predeformation, lower than 5% in the case of copper, and lower than 6% for aluminium alloy.
Online since: June 2015
Authors: Darko Makovec, Tatiana Plutenko, Oleg V'yunov, Dmytro Plutenko, Anatolii Belous
In contrast to these data, the authors of [[] N.
From literature data one can assume that the introduction of lithium-bismuth titanate decreases sintering temperature and improves electrical properties of pure barium titanate due to the presence of liquid lithium- and bismuth-containing phase at the boundaries between grains.
XRPD patterns were collected in the range 2θ = 10–150° in step-scan mode with a step size of Δ2θ = 0.02° and a counting time of 6 s per data point.
Impedance data were obtained using a 1260 Impedance / Gain-phase Analyzer (Solartron Analytical) in the range 10 Hz to 1 MHz.
Therefore, the data can be analyzed in terms of an equivalent circuit consisting of three RC elements connected in series, which represent bulk, outerlayer and grain-boundary components.
From literature data one can assume that the introduction of lithium-bismuth titanate decreases sintering temperature and improves electrical properties of pure barium titanate due to the presence of liquid lithium- and bismuth-containing phase at the boundaries between grains.
XRPD patterns were collected in the range 2θ = 10–150° in step-scan mode with a step size of Δ2θ = 0.02° and a counting time of 6 s per data point.
Impedance data were obtained using a 1260 Impedance / Gain-phase Analyzer (Solartron Analytical) in the range 10 Hz to 1 MHz.
Therefore, the data can be analyzed in terms of an equivalent circuit consisting of three RC elements connected in series, which represent bulk, outerlayer and grain-boundary components.
Online since: September 2017
Authors: Petr Tikhonov, Nadezhda Kovalko, Tatiana Egorova, Marina Kalinina, Anastasia Shmigel, Maxim Yu. Arsentev
Of course the problems such as phase transformations upon delithiation may exist, and to check the data the experimental and computer studies needed.
During operation, the battery based on Li2MnSiO4 undergoes oxidation-reduction reactions: Mn2+ ↔ Mn3+ ↔ Mn4+ [2].
In general, the first selection criterion was the presence of a sufficient amount of manganese ions to enable oxidation-reduction reaction due to insertion/extraction lithium ions and availability of the potentials of these reactions for current electrolytes [1].
The Table 1 shows a good agreement between calculated and experimental data.
Of course the problems such as phase transformations may exist, and to check the data the experimental studies needed.
During operation, the battery based on Li2MnSiO4 undergoes oxidation-reduction reactions: Mn2+ ↔ Mn3+ ↔ Mn4+ [2].
In general, the first selection criterion was the presence of a sufficient amount of manganese ions to enable oxidation-reduction reaction due to insertion/extraction lithium ions and availability of the potentials of these reactions for current electrolytes [1].
The Table 1 shows a good agreement between calculated and experimental data.
Of course the problems such as phase transformations may exist, and to check the data the experimental studies needed.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Abolghasem Ataie, Saeed Heshmati-Manesh, Saeed Sheibani, Alfonso Caballero Martínez
Further heat treatment carried out under argon atmosphere at 900°C for 8 hours resulted in completion of Cr2O3 reduction by Al.
Analysis of the diffraction rings enabled to establish the phases present as Cu, Al2O3 and Cr, which is also comparable with the results obtained from the XRD data analysis.
In fact, oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the interfaces during heat treatment and nanosized Cr particulates surrounded by Al2O3 are formed in Cu matrix.
It was found that during the milling process, Cu(Al) solid solution and Cu9Al4 phase were formed as the intermediate products and reduction of Cr2O3 with Al was completed during heat treatment.
Analysis of the diffraction rings enabled to establish the phases present as Cu, Al2O3 and Cr, which is also comparable with the results obtained from the XRD data analysis.
In fact, oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the interfaces during heat treatment and nanosized Cr particulates surrounded by Al2O3 are formed in Cu matrix.
It was found that during the milling process, Cu(Al) solid solution and Cu9Al4 phase were formed as the intermediate products and reduction of Cr2O3 with Al was completed during heat treatment.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Guo Ding Yuan, Hai Gu, Jian Hua Sun
For Mg-(7-11)Zn-4Al alloys with the Zn content increase, improved creep resistance is obtained due to block τ-Mg32(Al, Zn)49 phase, with severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and the best creep property is obtained with 11wt.% Zn concentration.
However there is a lack of consensus data concerning the microstructure of such alloys and more information about the relationship among element concentration, microstructure and properties.
It can be seen from the table that the Mg-(7-11) Zn-4Al alloys show severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and slightly increasing yield strength with the Zn content increase.
For Mg-(7-11)Zn-4Al alloys with the Zn content increase, improved creep resistance is obtained due to block τ-Mg32(Al, Zn)49 phase, with severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and the best creep property is obtained with 11wt.% Zn concentration.
However there is a lack of consensus data concerning the microstructure of such alloys and more information about the relationship among element concentration, microstructure and properties.
It can be seen from the table that the Mg-(7-11) Zn-4Al alloys show severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and slightly increasing yield strength with the Zn content increase.
For Mg-(7-11)Zn-4Al alloys with the Zn content increase, improved creep resistance is obtained due to block τ-Mg32(Al, Zn)49 phase, with severe reduction in ultimate strength and ductility, and the best creep property is obtained with 11wt.% Zn concentration.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Mikael Ehrs, Anna Rymaszewska, Janne Pekkala
The method of single minute exchange aims at reduction of setup and adjustment times.
According to [1] there are several methods that support the assembly cost reduction.
· Reduction of screws and other items that make the assembly process time consuming.
· Reduction of number of tools needed for assembly.
Ho, “5-S Practice: a New Tool For Industrial Management”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, vol.98/2, 1998, pp.55-62
According to [1] there are several methods that support the assembly cost reduction.
· Reduction of screws and other items that make the assembly process time consuming.
· Reduction of number of tools needed for assembly.
Ho, “5-S Practice: a New Tool For Industrial Management”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, vol.98/2, 1998, pp.55-62
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Jing Jiang, Jing Jin
In 2007, Yiqing Lou[1] simulated transient seepage field in the slope vivo which caused by rainfall infiltration and analyzed stability of the slope that is under the condition of rain by the promotion of finite element strength reduction rainfall ,as an example of a slope.
In 2009,Bo Xiao, Zhikui Liu[3] describes that the strength reduction theory has got some progress in the analysis of slope stability, include the latest theory of strength reduction, the influencing factors of safety factor calculation accuracy and, correspondingly, the method of improving calculation accuracy, the basis of slope failure, so that the calculation accuracy has been improved greatly.
In 2012, Mengke Liao, Jiangwen Chen, Yang Cui, JianjunCheng[4] analyzes the factors of conglomerate Slope Stability by the strength reduction theory.
Calculation Conditions According to the test data provided by the parameters ,take parameters are shown in Table 1.
Calculation Results Record data and analysis the graphics, the result is shown in Ttable 3,Table 4 , Fig. 2 and Fig.3: Table 3Displacement and Stress of Section in Different Conditions data condition The vertical displacement (mm) Horizontal displacement (mm) The first principal stress (MPa) The three principal stress (MPa) Upward downward to the left to the right pressure stress tensile stress pressure stress tensile stress 1 Natural \ \ \ \ 3.51 1.53 18.55 1.21 2 Storm 0 21.08 15.63 0.14 3.51 1.52 18.58 1.2 3 Design earthquake (Max) 5.90 16199 19994 0 3.44 1.58 18.40 1.13 Table 4 TheLocations Distribution of the Displacementand Stress of the Profile under Different Conditions Position Distribution Working Condition The vertical displacement (mm) Horizontal displacement (mm) The first principal stress (MPa) The three principal stress (MPa) Upward downward to the left to the right pressure stress tensile stress pressure stress tensile stress natural \ \ \ \ the bottom
In 2009,Bo Xiao, Zhikui Liu[3] describes that the strength reduction theory has got some progress in the analysis of slope stability, include the latest theory of strength reduction, the influencing factors of safety factor calculation accuracy and, correspondingly, the method of improving calculation accuracy, the basis of slope failure, so that the calculation accuracy has been improved greatly.
In 2012, Mengke Liao, Jiangwen Chen, Yang Cui, JianjunCheng[4] analyzes the factors of conglomerate Slope Stability by the strength reduction theory.
Calculation Conditions According to the test data provided by the parameters ,take parameters are shown in Table 1.
Calculation Results Record data and analysis the graphics, the result is shown in Ttable 3,Table 4 , Fig. 2 and Fig.3: Table 3Displacement and Stress of Section in Different Conditions data condition The vertical displacement (mm) Horizontal displacement (mm) The first principal stress (MPa) The three principal stress (MPa) Upward downward to the left to the right pressure stress tensile stress pressure stress tensile stress 1 Natural \ \ \ \ 3.51 1.53 18.55 1.21 2 Storm 0 21.08 15.63 0.14 3.51 1.52 18.58 1.2 3 Design earthquake (Max) 5.90 16199 19994 0 3.44 1.58 18.40 1.13 Table 4 TheLocations Distribution of the Displacementand Stress of the Profile under Different Conditions Position Distribution Working Condition The vertical displacement (mm) Horizontal displacement (mm) The first principal stress (MPa) The three principal stress (MPa) Upward downward to the left to the right pressure stress tensile stress pressure stress tensile stress natural \ \ \ \ the bottom
Online since: May 2018
Authors: Xiang Qian Yin, Xue Feng, Xu Jun Mi, Hao Feng Xie, Zhen Yang, Zong Wu Li, Guo Jie Huang, Lijun Peng
With different applied stress at 673K, 773K, 873K for 50h, creep data were attained by creep machine.
Table 1 lists the reduction of area of tensile samples at different temperature.
Table 1 Reduction of area of samples tested at different temperature.
Table 2 lists all steady-stage creep rate data with applied stress 40-70MPa at temperatures of 673-873K.
Creep rate 673K 773K 873K 40MPa 4.76×10-5 4.20×10-3 8.69×10-3 60MPa 2.77×10-3 5.67×10-3 1.27×10-2 70MPa 5.12×10-3 5.85×10-2 2.96×10-2 3.2.2 Creep mechanism analysis Apparent stress exponent n is a valuable parameter for analyzing the creep mechanism, those values can be calculated from the slopes of straight lines fitted with lnε and lnσ data.
Table 1 lists the reduction of area of tensile samples at different temperature.
Table 1 Reduction of area of samples tested at different temperature.
Table 2 lists all steady-stage creep rate data with applied stress 40-70MPa at temperatures of 673-873K.
Creep rate 673K 773K 873K 40MPa 4.76×10-5 4.20×10-3 8.69×10-3 60MPa 2.77×10-3 5.67×10-3 1.27×10-2 70MPa 5.12×10-3 5.85×10-2 2.96×10-2 3.2.2 Creep mechanism analysis Apparent stress exponent n is a valuable parameter for analyzing the creep mechanism, those values can be calculated from the slopes of straight lines fitted with lnε and lnσ data.