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Introduction Granular materials are encountered widely in nature and engineering.
The parameter can express the stability of granular materials at particle scale.
Critical state and evolution of coordination numberin simulated granular materials.
Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2007, 35, 1299-1304
Microscopic theoretical model of critical state for granular materials.

Study on preparation of nano-carbon black-polypropylene electric conduction composite materials Zhijia Hana, Shengfei Shenb, Zaiyuan Lic* School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China a531215173@qq.com,bshensheng_fei@163.com,clizy@smm.neu.edu.cn Key Words: nanometer; Carbon black; polypropylene; Composite materials Abstract.
The conductivity of conductive polymer composite materials was determined by the class, morphology and specific surface area of the conductive filler [3-4].
Journal of Applied Polymer science.2002, 86 (5):1163-1171
Journal of Materials science, 2007, 42(10):3408-3418
Packaging Technology and Science,1994, 7(6): 283-289.

Comparison of Materials for Universal Tractor Connecting Rod Using Ansys Software Ritesh Kumar Patel1, a*, Surjit Angra2, b, Vinod Kumar Mittal³, c 1M.Tech.
Finite element analysis is done by considering composite materials.
Fatemi [5] explained about optimization study on a forged steel connecting rod with a consideration for improvement in weight and production cost of materials.
Titanium and aluminum are two popular materials used in the construction of connecting rod, especially for performance vehicle.
Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (23): 4338-4345, (2008), ISSN 1812-5654

Guan Institute of Numerical Simulation in Science and Engineering, Department of Computer Science, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China E-mail: xuanzc@tute.edu.cn Key words: Verification; J-integral; Functionally graded materials; Finite elements Abstract.
Introduction J-integral in functionally graded material (FGM) is an important quantity of interest in material science.
Numerical simulation method has been developed for calculating the J-integral, for example, finite element method is a widely used to compute the J-integral in both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous materials.
By expanding the second integrand, (3) leads to . (4) Using equilibrium () and strain-displacement () conditions and noting that in homogeneous materials, the second integrand of Eq. (4) vanishes, yielding , (5) which is the classical domain form of the J-integral in homogeneous materials.
For nonhomogeous materials, even though the equilibrium and strain-displacement conditions are satisfied, the material gradient term of the second intgrand of (4) dose not vanish.

The database collected corresponding materials on public sports from nearly 60 countries, with up to 2 million characters in volume.
With the document literature method, we have retrieved academic journals published between 1998 and 2010 on sports and material databaseinformation from Chinese Journal Full-text Database, and have also consulted related works in information science and material databasedesign.
China Sports Science.
Journal of Sports and Science.
Journal of Tianjin Sports University.

Development and Characterisation of New Hydrogels for Medical Science Education Sandy Speck1,a*, Claudio Verona2,b, Andrea Böhme1,c, Andreas H.
Foitzik1,d 1Technical University of Applied Science Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745, Wildau, Germany 2University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Industrial Engineering, Via Orazio Raimondo, 18 - 00173 Roma, Italy a*sndspeck@gmail.com, bclaudio.verona@uniroma2.it candrea.boehme@th-wildau.de dafoitzik@th-wildau.de Keywords: biomaterials, medical science education, Processing, hydrogels Abstract.
Requirements In order to improve the training situation for medical students, medical professionals and surgeons, this work will investigate which materials and manufacturing methods can be used to produce a realistic simulation organ or tissue.
Gelatine with various additives was used as the starting material.
International journal of surgery (London, England) 104: 106813

Tel, et al.: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 112(2004), p. 225 [10] L.
Rodrigues, et al.: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 173(2010), p. 630 [11] S.
Álvarez-Ayuso, et al.: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 142(2007), p. 191 [17] V.
Hu, et al.: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 162(2009), p. 1542 [19] L.
Wei, et al: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 164(2009), p. 1159 [20] J.

It is thus of some interest to understand the dynamic behavior of masonry materials under dynamic loading.
Based on the constitutive relations of the brick and the mortar materials, the equivalent stress-strain relations of the RVE are homogenized by applying various compatible displacement conditions on the RVE surfaces.
They are defined as and (3) in which and are damage parameters that control postfailure stress-strain relations of materials in tension and compression.
Niu: International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 29(5) (1992), p.531-546
Gusella: International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 41 (2004), p.1911-1923

Ferhat Physics Department, the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica aleaford.henderson@uwimona.edu.jm Keywords: solar energy, materials science, dye-sensitized solar cell, DSSC, photovoltaics, rare-earth, doping, energy, thin films, solar, titanium dioxide.
Thin film and hybrid solar devices, including Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs), are especially promising energy solutions, due to the low cost of materials and equipment required for their fabrication.
Several methods of fabricating nanoparticulate pastes for DSSCs have been studied; among them, the sol – gel method is especially favoured due to the low overall cost of materials, low toxicity of common aqueous synthetic routes, and high quality of the synthetic products obtained [2].
C 117, 25276 [4] Ko K H, Lee Y C and Y J Jung 2005 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 283, 482 [5] Zhang J, Peng W, Chen Z, Chen H and Han L 2012 J.
Sci. 46, 855 [11] Tasic N, Brankovic Z, Marinkovic-Stanojevic Z and Brankovic G 2012 Science of Sintering 44, 365 [12] Wang HH, Chaochin S, Chung-Yin W, Tsai HB, WR Li 2014 International Journal of Nanotechnology 11

Mixed-Mode Crack Propagation in Functionally Graded Materials Jeong-Ho Kim 1,a and Glaucio H.
These materials have been introduced to take advantage of ideal behavior of material constituents.
Tina Panontin), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant CMS0115954 (Mechanics and Materials Program).
Shemilt: Journal of Materials Science Vol. 36 (2001), p. 1077
Kim: Mixed-mode crack propagation in functionally graded materials, Ph.D.