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Mean area of grain flat section increased 7 times in the thickest plate (from 501µm2 to 3773µm2).
There are observed both small dendrites (Fig. 4b) and equiaxed grains (Fig. 4a).
Quantitative parameters of the eutectics and grain are shown in the Table 3.
Also, they form continuous network only around the small grains.
It can be attributed to decrease of number of grain boundaries in casts with coarser grain.

The grain size of ferrite in center of the rebar was estimated using a line-intercept method.
The closer to the surface, the cooling speed was faster, which was beneficial to form smaller grains.
Therefore, ferrite grain size in interlayer was smaller than that in center.
Relative content of different microstructure in center and size of ferrite grains have been measured.
The results indicated that there were 59.3% ferrite, 32.1% pearlite and 6.6% bainite, the average grain size of central ferrite was 7.1μm, and the grain size number, grade 11.

As shown by the TEM images (Fig. 2), the grain sizes of the TA1 and TA2 alloy samples produced by HIP at 800oC were in the range of 50-200nm with more than 50% of the grains being smaller than 100nm, and the grain sizes increased to the range of 100-500nm with the HIP temperature increasing to 1000oC.
Although macroscopically it appeared that there were a large number of dimples in the fracture surface, microscopically it was clear that the dimples were not the same dimples as those normally observed in the fracture surfaces of ductile coarse grained metals and alloys.
This suggests that the large amount of plastic deformation prior to failure of the tensile specimens as measured by the high true strain to fracture is achieved by grain boundary sliding associated with the small grains, rather than shearing deformation of the grains themselves.
grain boundary.
As suggested by Bohn et al [10] based on the model proposed by Sherby and Wadsworth [13], the geometrical compatibility of grain boundary sliding of a grain is enabled by dislocation gliding in a neighbouring grain along the same plane and dislocation climbing along the grain boundary on the other side of the neighbouring grain.

The grain size of metatitanic acid calculated from XRD was gradually decreased from 9.81 nm to 8.38 nm, and this was also in accord with the discussed before.
This also explained that proper number and quality of hydrolysis nuclei improved titanium white structure and its pigment properties.
Aging was mainly to control the hydrolysis rate and number of nuclei.
To obtain proper fine particle and narrow particle size distribution, aging must be taken to decrease hydrolysis rate to lower the number of new formed nuclei.
Shorter aging time was inclined to form larger number nuclei, while longer aging time was on the contrary.

As can be seen in Fig. 1(a-b), the dispersoid-free zones (DFZ) along grain boundaries can be observed in both experimental alloys.
With increasing holding time, the number density decreased, while the equivalent diameter increased.
All maps exhibit the elongated grains perpendicular to the compression direction along with a large number of low- and medium-angle boundaries, indicating the presence of high-density subgrains.
The C0 alloy exhibited a partially recrystallized grains (marked with a white rectangle), as shown in Fig. 4(a).
Whereas, the C6 alloy still retained the original elongated grains with a recovered structure.

The grain boundaries are decrease with the increase in concentration of TiO2.
Solid state sample is represented by the very loosely formed by defined grains.
A small number of spherical macro pores is observed.
The COP sample is having agglomerates of fine grain particle while SSR sample is having larger grain.
This is that making coprecipitation produce denser sample with finer grain comparing solid state reaction which is larger grain throughout all weight percent addition of TiO2.

Additionally, the norm defines the following types of ground finishes: - rough ground finish obtained by a coarse grinding agent of grain size F60, - medium ground finish obtained by a medium grinding agent of grain size F120, - fine ground finish obtained by a fine grinding agent of grain size F220.
The parameters that define the effectiveness of the grinding tool are the shape of the grinding surface and the abrasive material, which is determined by grain size, type of binding agent and its hardness.
It is recommended to use grinding tools with grain size between F60 and F120 for initial grinding, and between F120 and F320 for follow-up grinding (polishing).
The construction has been registered at the Patent Office of the Republic of Poland with the number PL 386479.
The construction of a new solution of working elements for processing mineral surfaces registered at the Patent Office of the Republic of Poland with the number PL 386479 [6].

Producing magnesium sheets by conventional hot rolling is expensive due to the large number of rolling passes to final gauge and annealing steps at elevated temperatures between the rolling passes.
In the case of finer grained twin roll cast strips as precursor, an additional grain refiner was considered not necessary by the supplier.
In AZ31, under negative minor strain, continuous bands of very small recrystallised grains are found between large elongated grains.
Only a very small volume fraction of recrystallised grains could be detected at the grain boundaries of the large elongated grain under positive minor strain.
Hildebrand: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Vol. 36 Number 7 (2005), p. 1669-1679 [10] V.

The ceramic gas nozzle of the CGAW torch used was number 4 with a hole diameter of 6.4 mm [21].
In both cases, a fine-grained region was observed along the welding line, followed by coarser grains in the melting spot area.
In contrast, the Type 100 sample had significant differences in grain size, namely, the vortex areas contained very fine grains, while the grain size of the copper matrix surrounding the steel globules was about 15 μm (Fig. 8c).
The heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the copper side in both samples was divided into two regions: HAZ with fine grain (FHAZ) and HAZ with coarse grain (CHAZ).
Heliyon, 9(11), (2023) Article number e21529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21529 [12] A.

Controlling the cooling conditions after heat treatment (HT) with high flowrate air cooling helped to reduce on the formation of the detrimental phase, γ' at the grain boundaries as well as observed some grain growth in the microstructure without necessarily causing cracking as reported previously with quenching in cold water.
After heat treatment, the acicular and serrated grain boundaries (γ') phase almost disappeared, γ-FCC became courser, and all this could signify the abnormal grain growth effect.
Later larger grains tend to grow by annexing the subgrains.
The peaks of the non-martensitic FCC phase(γ) coincide with the γ' martensitic FCC because they present similar lattice parameters and could not be easily distinguished. β-BCC precipitate peaks are observed in both conditions and a considerable number of these β precipitates increased after HT.
Kainuma, "Abnormal grain growth induced by cyclic heat treatment in fe-mn-al-ni superelastic alloy," Materials & Design, vol. 101, pp. 263-269, 2016