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Online since: October 2010
Authors: Li Ping Zhang, Lei Ke, Miao Miao Xie, Yuan Jie Guo, Qian Yu Hu, Xu Wen He
Prepared a electrode with high concentration and strong active oxidizing property which used titanium as anode’s substrate material, used gradient method the anode surface was coated with a definite ratio RuO2, TiO2, IrO2, SnO2, Ga and Ce in order to extend the operational life span.
Thus the life span of the positive plates is greatly lengthened that the principal causes include three: first, the titanium positive plate is very compact, even and few short fissures which can increase the binding force between coating and plate, increase the anti-scour ability from the electrolysis gas; second, few short fissures can decrease electrolyte permeating into surface coating, thus decrease the chemical and electrochemical solution of surface coating, lengthen the life span of active material; third, few short fissures can prevent and decrease the active oxide produced in the process of electrolysis permeating into titanium substrate, then produce poor conductor TiO2 resulting in the inactivation of titanium positive plate.
Chlorine precipitation potential Chlorine precipitation potential is an important factor reflecting the catalytic activity of electrode materials, during electrochemistry oxidation process external source outputs voltage, under the action of titanium positive plate chloride ion reacts to form high oxidant activity substances as ·OH, Cl2, OCl- which can improve the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and organics, the lower chlorine precipitation potential shows the higher catalytic activity which can generate of chlorine at positive plate, meanwhile inhibit other electrochemical reaction gassing process. 2 Experimental method: prepare NaCl saturated solution with deionized water, titanium positive plate is working electrode, stainless steel plate is auxiliary electrode, saturated calomel electrode is reference electrode, the positive plate area is 2cm2, according to references select the test conditions of electrochemical workstation, the chlorine precipitation potential
Tafel curve of titanium positive plate is shown in figure 2. 1 Fig.1 the secondary electrons picture of positive plate Fig. 2 the chlorine precipitation curve of titanium positive plate with Ti as substrate material The experimental result shows with the voltage increase from 0.2V to 0.8V the current changes not so obviously that shows in solution the electrochemical reaction rate is very slow, when the voltage increase to 0.945V(the horizontal ordinate data of intersection of curve 1 and curve 2), the current changes so obviously that shows in solution electrochemical reaction beginning to accelerate, comparison with the standard electrode potential of Cl- reacting to form ClO- 0.890V, the small differentials of over potential shows the low titanium positive plate potential of forming ClO- and the prior selection of chlorine, thus the high oxidant activity substances as ClO- can form under low potential which is beneficial to removing ammonia
Vol. 32 (1998), p. 1059 [7] C Comnibellis, A Nerini: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry Vol. 25(1995), p. 23 [8] C J Israilides, A G Vlyssides, V N Mourafeti: Bioresource Technology Vol. 61(1997), p. 163 [9] M H Zhou, Z C Wu, D H Wang: Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology Vol. 17(2007), p. 263 In Chinese [10] D P Li: China Water & Wastewater Vol. 18(2002), p. 6 In Chinese [11] P Wang, W C Lau: Environmental Technology Vol. 22(2001), p. 373 In Chinese [13] M Wang, X M Li: Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 25(2002), p. 17 In Chinese [14] T G Li, J Chen, G P Zhang: Shanghai Environmental Sciences Vol. 22(2001), p. 70 In Chinese Acknowledgements Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, 2009QH10.
Thus the life span of the positive plates is greatly lengthened that the principal causes include three: first, the titanium positive plate is very compact, even and few short fissures which can increase the binding force between coating and plate, increase the anti-scour ability from the electrolysis gas; second, few short fissures can decrease electrolyte permeating into surface coating, thus decrease the chemical and electrochemical solution of surface coating, lengthen the life span of active material; third, few short fissures can prevent and decrease the active oxide produced in the process of electrolysis permeating into titanium substrate, then produce poor conductor TiO2 resulting in the inactivation of titanium positive plate.
Chlorine precipitation potential Chlorine precipitation potential is an important factor reflecting the catalytic activity of electrode materials, during electrochemistry oxidation process external source outputs voltage, under the action of titanium positive plate chloride ion reacts to form high oxidant activity substances as ·OH, Cl2, OCl- which can improve the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and organics, the lower chlorine precipitation potential shows the higher catalytic activity which can generate of chlorine at positive plate, meanwhile inhibit other electrochemical reaction gassing process. 2 Experimental method: prepare NaCl saturated solution with deionized water, titanium positive plate is working electrode, stainless steel plate is auxiliary electrode, saturated calomel electrode is reference electrode, the positive plate area is 2cm2, according to references select the test conditions of electrochemical workstation, the chlorine precipitation potential
Tafel curve of titanium positive plate is shown in figure 2. 1 Fig.1 the secondary electrons picture of positive plate Fig. 2 the chlorine precipitation curve of titanium positive plate with Ti as substrate material The experimental result shows with the voltage increase from 0.2V to 0.8V the current changes not so obviously that shows in solution the electrochemical reaction rate is very slow, when the voltage increase to 0.945V(the horizontal ordinate data of intersection of curve 1 and curve 2), the current changes so obviously that shows in solution electrochemical reaction beginning to accelerate, comparison with the standard electrode potential of Cl- reacting to form ClO- 0.890V, the small differentials of over potential shows the low titanium positive plate potential of forming ClO- and the prior selection of chlorine, thus the high oxidant activity substances as ClO- can form under low potential which is beneficial to removing ammonia
Vol. 32 (1998), p. 1059 [7] C Comnibellis, A Nerini: Journal of Applied Electrochemistry Vol. 25(1995), p. 23 [8] C J Israilides, A G Vlyssides, V N Mourafeti: Bioresource Technology Vol. 61(1997), p. 163 [9] M H Zhou, Z C Wu, D H Wang: Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology Vol. 17(2007), p. 263 In Chinese [10] D P Li: China Water & Wastewater Vol. 18(2002), p. 6 In Chinese [11] P Wang, W C Lau: Environmental Technology Vol. 22(2001), p. 373 In Chinese [13] M Wang, X M Li: Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 25(2002), p. 17 In Chinese [14] T G Li, J Chen, G P Zhang: Shanghai Environmental Sciences Vol. 22(2001), p. 70 In Chinese Acknowledgements Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, 2009QH10.
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Masliana Muslimin, Paulus Wilfred, Meor Yusoff Meor Sulaiman
MASLIANA
Materials Technology Group, Industrial Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
ameor@nuclearmalaysia.gov.my, bwilfred@nuclearmalaysia.gov.my, cmasliana@nuclearmalaysia.gov.my
Key words: calcium phosphate, ZrO2 doped, in-situ XRD, β-TCP, α-TCP, HA, DEHPA
Abstract.
Pure calcium phosphate and ZrO2 doped calcium phosphate biomaterials were synthesized using an organic based phosphoric acid (DEHPA) as its starting material.
The sample has morphology of a porous material with different shapes and sizes.
[3] Best et al., 2001, Silicon-substituted apatites and process for the preparation thereof, US Patent 6,312,468 [4] Hae-Won Kim et al., 2004, Strontium substituted calcium phosphate biphasic ceramics obtained by a powder precipitation method, Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 15, 1129-1134 [5] T.
Bohner, 2009, Phase evolution of thermally treated amorphous tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles, Key Engineering Materials, 396-398, pp. 595-598
Pure calcium phosphate and ZrO2 doped calcium phosphate biomaterials were synthesized using an organic based phosphoric acid (DEHPA) as its starting material.
The sample has morphology of a porous material with different shapes and sizes.
[3] Best et al., 2001, Silicon-substituted apatites and process for the preparation thereof, US Patent 6,312,468 [4] Hae-Won Kim et al., 2004, Strontium substituted calcium phosphate biphasic ceramics obtained by a powder precipitation method, Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 15, 1129-1134 [5] T.
Bohner, 2009, Phase evolution of thermally treated amorphous tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles, Key Engineering Materials, 396-398, pp. 595-598
Online since: July 2011
Authors: You Peng Xu, Qin Fang Sun, Lin Zhu
Currently the SFA is widely adopted in analyzing the national cycle of materials, urban material metabolism and nutrient metabolism analysis in a certain valley, and mostly in larger scale and less in smaller scale (i.e. in industrial park or ecological sensitive area, etc.), especially rare in a certain industry or manufacturer.
Arsenic and mercury, and the substance flows within industries such as chemical engineering and forestry; the other is bulk material flow analysis (bulk-MFA), which mainly studies the substance input and output of the national economy system[4], with its focus on the mixtures and bulk materials.
[2] Lina WANG, Yu QUAN, Wang SU, et al.: Journal of Liaoning University of Technology(Social Science Edition),Vol.12(2010),p.24-27, in Chinese
(Science Press, Beijing 2009), in Chinese
[8] Zhongwu Lu: Engineering Science, Vol.8(2006),p.18-25,in Chinese
Arsenic and mercury, and the substance flows within industries such as chemical engineering and forestry; the other is bulk material flow analysis (bulk-MFA), which mainly studies the substance input and output of the national economy system[4], with its focus on the mixtures and bulk materials.
[2] Lina WANG, Yu QUAN, Wang SU, et al.: Journal of Liaoning University of Technology(Social Science Edition),Vol.12(2010),p.24-27, in Chinese
(Science Press, Beijing 2009), in Chinese
[8] Zhongwu Lu: Engineering Science, Vol.8(2006),p.18-25,in Chinese
Online since: March 2008
Authors: Bin Shi Xu
Nano surface engineering is
the integration and creation between the nano materials and traditional surface engineering.
Comparing with the substrate materials, the coatings are thin, small in area, but hand on the main shoulders of components.
The absorption of cladding materials to laser energy is also lower.
China Materials Engineering Canon.
[8] Zhu S, Xu B S.: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 280(2005), p.1203 [9] Xu B S, Liu S C and Liang X B.: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol. 39(2003), p.21.
Comparing with the substrate materials, the coatings are thin, small in area, but hand on the main shoulders of components.
The absorption of cladding materials to laser energy is also lower.
China Materials Engineering Canon.
[8] Zhu S, Xu B S.: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 280(2005), p.1203 [9] Xu B S, Liu S C and Liang X B.: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol. 39(2003), p.21.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Xiao Bin Zhu
ZHU1, a
(1State Key Laboratory of High Performance Civil Engineering Materials, Jiangsu Research Institute of Building Science, Nanjing 210008, China)
axbzhu@163.com
Key words: ITZ; Toughness; Numerical simulation; Concrete; Styrene-acrylic emulsion; Fracture energy
Abstract.
Besides, the chemical bonds in concrete are mainly covalent bond and ionic bond, whose bond energy is very high and with definite directionality as well, resulting concrete materials can store large amount of potential energy even with small deformation.
Material Models.
References [1] CHEN Hui-su, SUN Wei, Stroeven Piet: Journal of Building Materials Vol.8 (2005), p. 51 [2] MINDESS S.
(Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh 1988) [3] Victor C.
Besides, the chemical bonds in concrete are mainly covalent bond and ionic bond, whose bond energy is very high and with definite directionality as well, resulting concrete materials can store large amount of potential energy even with small deformation.
Material Models.
References [1] CHEN Hui-su, SUN Wei, Stroeven Piet: Journal of Building Materials Vol.8 (2005), p. 51 [2] MINDESS S.
(Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh 1988) [3] Victor C.
Online since: November 2007
Authors: W.D. Belangero, Cecília A.C. Zavaglia, C.S. Lambert, E.T. Uzumaki
Grill: Diamond and Related Materials Vol. 12 (2003), p. 166
Tiainen: Diamond and Related Materials Vol. 10 (2001), p. 153
Rushton: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Vol. 58 (2001), p. 319
Zavaglia: Diamond and Related Materials Vol. 15 (2006), p. 982
Zavaglia: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 309-311 (2006), p. 783.
Tiainen: Diamond and Related Materials Vol. 10 (2001), p. 153
Rushton: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Vol. 58 (2001), p. 319
Zavaglia: Diamond and Related Materials Vol. 15 (2006), p. 982
Zavaglia: Key Engineering Materials Vol. 309-311 (2006), p. 783.
Online since: September 2014
Authors: Xiao Su
For product design, designers choose the right materials, reasonable process and scientific structure to make products according to the limit factors of time and space and based on the consumers’ needs.
Liu: Introduction to Industrial Design (Hilongjiang Science and Technology Press, China 1997)
Hu: Journal of Donghua University (Social Science), Vol. 5 (2005), p. 72 [4] K.
Li: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 591-593 (2012), p. 2527 [5] Y.L.
Liu: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 224 (2012), p. 208
Liu: Introduction to Industrial Design (Hilongjiang Science and Technology Press, China 1997)
Hu: Journal of Donghua University (Social Science), Vol. 5 (2005), p. 72 [4] K.
Li: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 591-593 (2012), p. 2527 [5] Y.L.
Liu: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 224 (2012), p. 208
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Xiao Yan He, Ming Bao Gao, Yan Ru Zhao
Raw Materials Mixture and the Test Method
1.1 Raw materials
Cement: P.042.5 ordinary portland cement produced by Ulan cement plant.
Superplasticizer: polycarboxylate superplasticizer supplied by Beiteng Engineering materials Co., Ltd.
Steel fiber: cut-off steel fiber from Beiteng Engineering materials Co., Ltd.
Concrete durability science press, 2002
Journal of hydraulic. 1998(4): 63-80
Superplasticizer: polycarboxylate superplasticizer supplied by Beiteng Engineering materials Co., Ltd.
Steel fiber: cut-off steel fiber from Beiteng Engineering materials Co., Ltd.
Concrete durability science press, 2002
Journal of hydraulic. 1998(4): 63-80
Online since: March 2015
Authors: Dong Wei Cao, Hai Yan Zhang, Yan Jun Zhang, Jian Ping Xiong, Min He, Jun Lin Liang, Yan Ju Chen
Introduction
Asphalt has been is used as road paving materials for a long history,with excellent plasticity andadhesion.
Material and Experiment 1.1 Materials and equipment Karamay asphalt, manufacturer Karamay Refinery Plant, crude oil produced by ninth district of Xinjiang.
Weight-average and number-average molecular weight of raw materials gradually increased from 503 Da and 490 Da, When the aging time reaches 14 h, the weight-average and number-average molecular weights reach 536 Da and 522 Da.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (51478211), Guangxi Transport Science and technology Program, and High-level talent introduction and training program of Beijing municipal universities(No.PXM2013-014210-000165).
Journal of the University of Petroleum, China (Edition of Natural Science) , 2013, 37(5):190-195 [3] QIAN K, ROBBINS W K, HUGHEY C A,et al.
Material and Experiment 1.1 Materials and equipment Karamay asphalt, manufacturer Karamay Refinery Plant, crude oil produced by ninth district of Xinjiang.
Weight-average and number-average molecular weight of raw materials gradually increased from 503 Da and 490 Da, When the aging time reaches 14 h, the weight-average and number-average molecular weights reach 536 Da and 522 Da.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (51478211), Guangxi Transport Science and technology Program, and High-level talent introduction and training program of Beijing municipal universities(No.PXM2013-014210-000165).
Journal of the University of Petroleum, China (Edition of Natural Science) , 2013, 37(5):190-195 [3] QIAN K, ROBBINS W K, HUGHEY C A,et al.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Xian Bao Wang, Peng Kang Jin, Hou Feng Li, Li Ping Jin, Dong He
In addition, water reducer, coagulant and other kinds of chemical materials contained in jet concrete and grouting fluid may cause pollution as organic polymer composites.
The main organics are the petroleum materials leaking during the construction and other reducing inorganic materials adhering on SS also have a certain contribution to the wastewater COD
Beijing: China environmental science press, 2000:136-150.
Journal of Anhui Agri.
Beijing: China environmental science press, 2002.
The main organics are the petroleum materials leaking during the construction and other reducing inorganic materials adhering on SS also have a certain contribution to the wastewater COD
Beijing: China environmental science press, 2000:136-150.
Journal of Anhui Agri.
Beijing: China environmental science press, 2002.