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Online since: May 2004
Authors: A. Ishmaku, Ke Ping Han
The first type is the CD sample and the second one, CR, was the sectioned sample which
was cold- rolled (CR) to a reduction of 45%, heat-treated at 300°C for 0.5 hour, and cold-rolled
again to a reduction of 45%.
The total reduction is about 71%.
The orientation distribution function (ODF, f (g)) was calculated from incomplete {111}Cu, {200}Cu, {220}Cu, {311}Cu, and {110}Nb, {211}Nb, {200}Nb pole figures by the XPert Texture software based on the WilliamsImhof-Matthies-Vinel method after correction of the data with respect to measured background and calculated defocusing error.
However, only in the late stage of deformation, such as reduction-in-area larger than 80%, the intensity of the {110}<112> is stronger than the {110}<001> component.
The total cold-rolling reduction-in-area is about 71% for sample CR.
The total reduction is about 71%.
The orientation distribution function (ODF, f (g)) was calculated from incomplete {111}Cu, {200}Cu, {220}Cu, {311}Cu, and {110}Nb, {211}Nb, {200}Nb pole figures by the XPert Texture software based on the WilliamsImhof-Matthies-Vinel method after correction of the data with respect to measured background and calculated defocusing error.
However, only in the late stage of deformation, such as reduction-in-area larger than 80%, the intensity of the {110}<112> is stronger than the {110}<001> component.
The total cold-rolling reduction-in-area is about 71% for sample CR.
Online since: November 2012
Authors: Jun Wei Zhou, Yong Tao Zhao, Zong Chang Liu
Elongation and reduction of area are looked as plasticity index of metal materials.
By measuring, elongation and reduction of area of 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in different welding wire are as table5, in which, 1# stands for 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in ER308 welding wire, 2# stands for 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in H1Cr21Ni10Mn7Mo welding wire, 3# stands for 2Cr13 base metal, 4# stands for 1Cr18Ni9Ti base metal.
Table 5 Elongation and reduction of area of 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in different welding wire Number 1# 2# 3# 4# l0/mm 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 l1/mm 63.40 54.88 58.73 76.69 δ 26.80% 9.76% 17.46% 53.38% S0/mm 37.40 41.55 41.29 37.64 S1/mm 20.63 38.67 26.71 21.97 ψ 44.84% 6.96% 35.31% 41.63% These data can de compared horizontally on the basis of same experiment, From table5,elongation of welding joint filled in ER308 welding wire is 26.80%, reduction of area is 44.84%;elongation of welding joint filled in H1Cr21Ni10Mn7Mo welding wire is 9.76%,reduction of area is 6.96%;elongation of 2Cr13 martensite stainless steel is 17.46%,reduction of area is 35.31%;elongation of 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenite stainless steel is 53.38%,reduction of area is 41.63%.
By measuring, elongation and reduction of area of 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in different welding wire are as table5, in which, 1# stands for 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in ER308 welding wire, 2# stands for 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in H1Cr21Ni10Mn7Mo welding wire, 3# stands for 2Cr13 base metal, 4# stands for 1Cr18Ni9Ti base metal.
Table 5 Elongation and reduction of area of 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint filled in different welding wire Number 1# 2# 3# 4# l0/mm 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 l1/mm 63.40 54.88 58.73 76.69 δ 26.80% 9.76% 17.46% 53.38% S0/mm 37.40 41.55 41.29 37.64 S1/mm 20.63 38.67 26.71 21.97 ψ 44.84% 6.96% 35.31% 41.63% These data can de compared horizontally on the basis of same experiment, From table5,elongation of welding joint filled in ER308 welding wire is 26.80%, reduction of area is 44.84%;elongation of welding joint filled in H1Cr21Ni10Mn7Mo welding wire is 9.76%,reduction of area is 6.96%;elongation of 2Cr13 martensite stainless steel is 17.46%,reduction of area is 35.31%;elongation of 1Cr18Ni9Ti austenite stainless steel is 53.38%,reduction of area is 41.63%.
Online since: January 2015
Authors: Jun Di Yu, Zhi Qiang Rao
The up and down trip directions of the buses are roughly comparable. 2989s time data totaling 10107 datasets were obtained during the obtained, and the transient output voltages and currents of the buses were taken.
Using battery electric vehicles as a substitute for public transition lines based on conventional vehicles has great potential for emission reduction.
These are equivalent to a reduction of 95%, 99%, 89% and 87%, respectively.
The older the vehicles used in the substituted line, the higher the emission reduction effect.
Conclusions After follow-up analysis of the immense emission reduction potential displayed by battery electric buses of different technical levels over many years, Pure electric car is cheaper than gasoline savings.
Using battery electric vehicles as a substitute for public transition lines based on conventional vehicles has great potential for emission reduction.
These are equivalent to a reduction of 95%, 99%, 89% and 87%, respectively.
The older the vehicles used in the substituted line, the higher the emission reduction effect.
Conclusions After follow-up analysis of the immense emission reduction potential displayed by battery electric buses of different technical levels over many years, Pure electric car is cheaper than gasoline savings.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Wei Zhong Ding, Song Chen, Shu Qiang Gui, Yu Yang Bian, Ding Sheng Tan, Yu Ling Xu
Different factors that affect the reduction of the laterite ores are tested and analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimeter(DSC), X-ray Diffraction(XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).
Their weight reduction rates are calculated respectively.
Related thermodynamic data are shown in Tab. 2
(2) (3) (4) (5) Tab. 2 Thermodynamic Data of Reactants Formula a (cal/mol/K) b c d Temperature /K (kcal/mol) (cal/mol/K) H2O(g) 6.790 2.982 0.307 0.086 298-1100 -57.798 45.132 7.514 3.371 -5.964 -0.438 1100-2800 - - FeOOH 19.167 6.812 -3.020 0.000 298-1500 -133.843 14.436 Fe2O3 34.313 -8.681 -7.513 17.159 298-700 -196.702 20.889 152.440 -230.290 -106.927 134.071 700-950 - - -52471.880 69336.660 90566.060 -25616.900 950-1050 - - 19.172 13.378 40.006 -2.964 1050-1812 - - MgSiO3 22.000 7.900 -0.042 0.000 298-903 -370.100 16.220 28.760 0.000 0.000 0.000 903-1258
Their weight reduction rates are calculated respectively.
Related thermodynamic data are shown in Tab. 2
(2) (3) (4) (5) Tab. 2 Thermodynamic Data of Reactants Formula a (cal/mol/K) b c d Temperature /K (kcal/mol) (cal/mol/K) H2O(g) 6.790 2.982 0.307 0.086 298-1100 -57.798 45.132 7.514 3.371 -5.964 -0.438 1100-2800 - - FeOOH 19.167 6.812 -3.020 0.000 298-1500 -133.843 14.436 Fe2O3 34.313 -8.681 -7.513 17.159 298-700 -196.702 20.889 152.440 -230.290 -106.927 134.071 700-950 - - -52471.880 69336.660 90566.060 -25616.900 950-1050 - - 19.172 13.378 40.006 -2.964 1050-1812 - - MgSiO3 22.000 7.900 -0.042 0.000 298-903 -370.100 16.220 28.760 0.000 0.000 0.000 903-1258
Online since: February 2004
Authors: Katsuo Syoji, Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa, Y. Fan, T. Tachibana, Yong Bo Wu, M. Kato
It is
apparent that Eq. (1) may be used to calculate the reduction in radius at the grinding point for every
step when the values f the other three, i.e., feed-in, reduction in radius at blade contact point, and shoe
contact point, are already known.
Consequently, 360 data regarding 360° of radius reduction can be obtained whenever the calculation of a whole revolution (360 steps) of workpiece has been finished.
The workpice profiles and roundness are then calculated from data regarding 360° of each revolution, leading to the obtaining of the final profile and roundness of the workpiece after grinding for N revolutions when the grinding cycle has been completed.
The average value of the three roundness data is then regarded as the roundness under the given geometrical arrangement.
After resetting the geometrical arrangement and performing the same grinding and measuring processes as described above, other roundness data are obtained for the corresponding conditions.
Consequently, 360 data regarding 360° of radius reduction can be obtained whenever the calculation of a whole revolution (360 steps) of workpiece has been finished.
The workpice profiles and roundness are then calculated from data regarding 360° of each revolution, leading to the obtaining of the final profile and roundness of the workpiece after grinding for N revolutions when the grinding cycle has been completed.
The average value of the three roundness data is then regarded as the roundness under the given geometrical arrangement.
After resetting the geometrical arrangement and performing the same grinding and measuring processes as described above, other roundness data are obtained for the corresponding conditions.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Pei Yong Wang, Tian Fang Xie
Skottene and Rian [2] studied NOx formation numerically in the premixed hydrogen flames and compared them with the experimental data.
Li et al. [8] has proved the accuracy of the kinetic mechanism for NOx emission; compared with experiment data, the difference for flame temperature and NOx emission are within 30 K and 2 ppm respectively, which are within the experiment uncertainty.
Effects of stretch rate on NO production Fig. 4 shows the NO formation data with different stretch rates.
NO formation data with different stretch rates. (466.67, 800, 2000, and 8000, respectively) For reaction NH + O = NO + H, according to the Arrhenius reaction rate (1) where the empirical parameter b and the activation energy Ea both equal 0.
The reduction of the integration term of H2 consumption is caused by the reduction of reaction rate due to lower temperature and the combustion zone thickness as stretch rate increases.
Li et al. [8] has proved the accuracy of the kinetic mechanism for NOx emission; compared with experiment data, the difference for flame temperature and NOx emission are within 30 K and 2 ppm respectively, which are within the experiment uncertainty.
Effects of stretch rate on NO production Fig. 4 shows the NO formation data with different stretch rates.
NO formation data with different stretch rates. (466.67, 800, 2000, and 8000, respectively) For reaction NH + O = NO + H, according to the Arrhenius reaction rate (1) where the empirical parameter b and the activation energy Ea both equal 0.
The reduction of the integration term of H2 consumption is caused by the reduction of reaction rate due to lower temperature and the combustion zone thickness as stretch rate increases.
Online since: August 2016
Authors: Zhong Qing Cheng, Bing Zhang
Based on analyzing the mechanism of thermal conductivity of glazed hollow bead concrete, this paper divides the channels of thermal conductivity in concrete, constructs the model of thermal conductivity coefficient based on the Theory of Minimum Thermal Resistance, and confirms the model by using the data of other related literatures and the data of our own experiment.
The purpose of this paper is to construct the model of thermal conductivity coefficient based on the theory of minimum thermal resistance, and confirms the model by using the data of other related literatures and our own experiment, based on analyzing the mechanism of thermal conductivity of glazed hollow bead concrete.
The purpose of this paper is to construct the model of thermal conductivity coefficient based on the theory of minimum thermal resistance, and confirms the model by using the data of other related literatures and our own experiment, based on analyzing the mechanism of thermal conductivity of glazed hollow bead concrete.
Reduction of Model.
Supposing that the percentage of volume of aggregate, glazed hollow bead and mortar is Va , Vm and , we can make formula (5) and (6) further reduction, so (7) (8) Submitting formula (7) and (8) to (4), we can get the coefficient of thermal conductivity of this concrete is (9) Analyzing of Value K.
The purpose of this paper is to construct the model of thermal conductivity coefficient based on the theory of minimum thermal resistance, and confirms the model by using the data of other related literatures and our own experiment, based on analyzing the mechanism of thermal conductivity of glazed hollow bead concrete.
The purpose of this paper is to construct the model of thermal conductivity coefficient based on the theory of minimum thermal resistance, and confirms the model by using the data of other related literatures and our own experiment, based on analyzing the mechanism of thermal conductivity of glazed hollow bead concrete.
Reduction of Model.
Supposing that the percentage of volume of aggregate, glazed hollow bead and mortar is Va , Vm and , we can make formula (5) and (6) further reduction, so (7) (8) Submitting formula (7) and (8) to (4), we can get the coefficient of thermal conductivity of this concrete is (9) Analyzing of Value K.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Chun Guang Li, Xiao Qing Huang, Xu Zhang
Thermal equilibrium deviation based on heat transfer amount at water side:
(3)
Thermal equilibrium deviation will be calculated during experiment and data acquired are valid if thermal equilibrium variation is within 5%; otherwise data are invalid which requires experiment again.
Data processing for heat transfer experiment Heat transfer coefficient for air-cooled heat exchanger is as below: (4) refers to overall heat transfer coefficient, ; the average value of measured heat transfer amount at both sides is selected to represent heat transfer amount due to the existing deviation in thermal parameter measurement at both sides, which is ,; refers to heat transfer area, ; refers to log mean temperature difference, .
The coefficient, and index m, n in (7) and (9) can be determined after multiple experiment data fitting.
Pressure drop will increase 1.5 times with 0.4mm reduction of air passage spacing in corrugated plate air-cooled heat exchanger Pressure drop of hot water side is shown in Figure 4, whereas resistance expression will be acquired as per experimental data fitting[5]: (11) Hot water flow velocity ranges from 0.09m/s-0.9m/ in correlation expression (11).
Pressure drop will increase 1.5 times with 0.4mm reduction of air passage spacing.
Data processing for heat transfer experiment Heat transfer coefficient for air-cooled heat exchanger is as below: (4) refers to overall heat transfer coefficient, ; the average value of measured heat transfer amount at both sides is selected to represent heat transfer amount due to the existing deviation in thermal parameter measurement at both sides, which is ,; refers to heat transfer area, ; refers to log mean temperature difference, .
The coefficient, and index m, n in (7) and (9) can be determined after multiple experiment data fitting.
Pressure drop will increase 1.5 times with 0.4mm reduction of air passage spacing in corrugated plate air-cooled heat exchanger Pressure drop of hot water side is shown in Figure 4, whereas resistance expression will be acquired as per experimental data fitting[5]: (11) Hot water flow velocity ranges from 0.09m/s-0.9m/ in correlation expression (11).
Pressure drop will increase 1.5 times with 0.4mm reduction of air passage spacing.
Online since: September 2022
Authors: Esraa H. Abdel-Gawad, Mahmoud M. Taha, Gomaa H. Sedahmed, Mohamed A. El-Naggar, Mervat A. Abdel-Kawi
Solution properties (i.e., density, viscosity, and diffusivity) required for data correlation were attained from the literature [18, 19].
The rate of heat transfer (Q) across the tank bottom is given by : Q=UAΔTmean (11) Fig. 8 shows a comparison between the present data and previously obtained data by Colton & Smith [12] and Marangozis & Johnson [13].
The present data lie below the benzoic acid technique data probably because: (i) The benzoic acid technique suffers from limitations such as benzoic acid attrition beside dissolution, furthermore, the development of surface roughness increases the area and induces micro eddies formation.
Johnson, A correlation of mass transfer data of solid‐liquid systems in agitated vessels, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 40(6) (1962) 231-237
Post, Densities, viscosities, and diffusivities in aqueous sodium hydroxide-potassium ferri- and ferro-cyanide solutions, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 30(2) (1985) 163-165
The rate of heat transfer (Q) across the tank bottom is given by : Q=UAΔTmean (11) Fig. 8 shows a comparison between the present data and previously obtained data by Colton & Smith [12] and Marangozis & Johnson [13].
The present data lie below the benzoic acid technique data probably because: (i) The benzoic acid technique suffers from limitations such as benzoic acid attrition beside dissolution, furthermore, the development of surface roughness increases the area and induces micro eddies formation.
Johnson, A correlation of mass transfer data of solid‐liquid systems in agitated vessels, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 40(6) (1962) 231-237
Post, Densities, viscosities, and diffusivities in aqueous sodium hydroxide-potassium ferri- and ferro-cyanide solutions, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 30(2) (1985) 163-165
Online since: March 2015
Authors: Yue Li, Qi Wang, Shi Zhong Ma
XinMiaoxi-Xinbei region fuyu reservoir of lower cretaceous quantou forth group sedimentary period develop large shallow-water delta sedimentary, which based on core data and logging information of 44 wells through the analysis of single well facies and logging facies analysis and the research of sedimentary microfacies.
This paper postulates that the study area is shallow water delta depositional system[2] which is mainly on underwater distributary’s channel and distributary’s channel as favorable reservoir belts, based on 44 wells core data(1677.8 meters long), the well log facies analysis of 413 wells, by analyzing single well facies and the study about 12 wells of the plane distributive maps of sedimentary microfacies.
There is obvious medium–weak oxidizing sedimentation characteristics, that is to say delta distributary plain subfacies, river spilling shore and diversion frequently; 5 layer-2 layer, the mud colour is variegated; including underwater channel, cross-bedding, the energy of channel is weak, vertical and plane erosion ability weakened, shows “ mud packing sand” type; sheet sand increases upward; the study area is in weak oxidation-weak reduction environment, namely delta distributary plain –front transition subfacies. 1 layer ,the mud colour is sage green, develops thin sand sheet, horizontal bedding, small-scale cross bedding; the study area is in weak reduction environment-delta front subfacies.
This paper postulates that the study area is shallow water delta depositional system[2] which is mainly on underwater distributary’s channel and distributary’s channel as favorable reservoir belts, based on 44 wells core data(1677.8 meters long), the well log facies analysis of 413 wells, by analyzing single well facies and the study about 12 wells of the plane distributive maps of sedimentary microfacies.
There is obvious medium–weak oxidizing sedimentation characteristics, that is to say delta distributary plain subfacies, river spilling shore and diversion frequently; 5 layer-2 layer, the mud colour is variegated; including underwater channel, cross-bedding, the energy of channel is weak, vertical and plane erosion ability weakened, shows “ mud packing sand” type; sheet sand increases upward; the study area is in weak oxidation-weak reduction environment, namely delta distributary plain –front transition subfacies. 1 layer ,the mud colour is sage green, develops thin sand sheet, horizontal bedding, small-scale cross bedding; the study area is in weak reduction environment-delta front subfacies.