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Introduction Because of the hardness and brittleness of the engineering ceramics and the completely different nature compared with metal materials, it is difficult to use conventional cutting methods for metal processing; most of the ceramic materials are poor conductors of electricity, and their electrical processing methods such as electrical discharge machining (EDM) are generally not applicable, which makes the processing of ceramic materials greatly limited and prevents the ceramic materials from being widely used.
When Z>1.0mm, the temperature of ceramic materials had no difference from ambient temperature.
Therefore, grinding temperature of ceramic materials had a huge effect on the temperature rise on the surface.
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Alloy steels, refractory alloys and high strength and hardness materials may be used only.
The most passageway materials can be removed in one feed machining by NC-ECM way.
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With the application of finite element analysis, wheel design accuracy and efficiency in both appearance and raw material saving can be greatly improved.
According to the CAE analysis results, we can offer proposals for designers to optimize the weak structure and save materials.
Acknowledgment This research was supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China (No.06007918) and by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50875089).
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Introduction Chromium based alloys oxidized at high temperature generally develop a continuous chromia oxide scale α-Cr2O3 at the top surface which limits the degradation process of this materials. [1].
The knowledge of stress level in oxidized materials is thus fundamental.
These materials develop because of their chemical composition principally oxide scale of a-Cr2O3 phase at high temperature.
According to the different studied materials and oxidation conditions, it is then extremely important that the ratio of the film thickness over the oxide grain size reaches a threshold value from which Debye-Scherrer diffraction rings can be obtained.
The Advanced Light Source is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S.

Nevertheless, trench etching is based on the destruction of chemical bonds and the removal of material.
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Therefore, the production planning for the SM-CC process is very important to improve machine productivity, reduce material and energy consumption, and cut down production costs in a steel plant.
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During electrochemical micromachining (EMM) , materials are removed in the form of ions based on the anodic dissolution mechanism, so it should be a promising technique for micromachining.
Introduction Cutting stress and heat affected layer hardly ever occurs on the surface of workpieces during Electrochemical micromachining (EMM), and moreover materials are removed or deposited through ions transferring based on the anodic dissolution mechanism, therefore, EMM should be a promising micromachining technique in the order of micron or nanometer in the short future, which are now being studied widely at home and abroad.
Acknowledgements This Project is supported by The National Natural Science Fund (Grant No.51375208), The technology innovation team of Jiamusi University(Cxtdpy-2016-04) and The Science Fund of Jiamusi University(L2010-107).
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The total produces reached to 74mg/g of dry EMAL and which was a high quality raw material as the source of phenol and 4-ethylphenol.
Materials and Methods Lignin Isolation, Purification, and Characterization AL: The poplar sulphate pulping black liquor, obtained from the Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, was used to isolate alkali lignin.
This suggests that EMAL is a high quality raw material as the source of phenol and 4-ethylphenol.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31270626, 31170547, 31270627, and 31370580), the Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant Nos.
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