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Study on the Low Cycle Fatigue Damage of Nodular Cast Iron Based on Elastic Modulus Jinhai Liu1,a, Xiaoyan Hao1,b , Guolu Li1,c , Xuebo Zhao 1,d and Gensheng Liu1,e 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, China.
The damage mechanics suggested that the damage is an internal variable affecting the strength of materials.
According to the definition of damage variable, there are several methods to measure the damage of materials.
Because of different damage mechanism in the materials with different microstructure, the methods to detect sensitively the damage of materials are various.
As we know, at the early cycle stage, the metallurgical structure of materials is at unstable state.

Introduction Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are widely used because of their high strengthto-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios as compared with many traditional materials [1,2].
Delamination is one of the most serious failure modes in laminated composite materials.
Composites Science and Technology, 66,pp. 264-272,(2006) [7] G.
Journal of Composite Materials, 10(32),pp.951-968,(2009) [10] BS EN ISO 2747, Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics-Tensile Test, British Standard Institute, London,1998
[12] ASTM D 3171-99, Standard test method for constituent content of composite materials.

Materials Science and Engineering A, Hubei, v.532, p.435-442, 2012
[4] K.Tsuzaki, A.Kodai, T.Maki, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 25 (1994) 2009
Materials Science and Engineering A, v. 527, p. 2071-2078, 2010
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, v. 87, 1997. p. 198-206
Materials Letters, Roma, v.63, p.1968-1972, jun. 2009

Finally, a Cr2O3 oxide film with lower diffusion velocity, formed on the material surface, greatly reduced the diffusion rates of Fe and other alloying elements, playing a protective role on the materials.
With this surface shot peening process, the materials with peening strength of 0.25-0.35A and 200% surface coverage could be obtained.
Eventually the Cr2O3 oxide film with a lower diffusion rate was formed in the material surface, which greatly reduced the diffusion rates of Fe and other alloy elements, thus playing a protective role on the materials.
Sakai, Advances in Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants.
Tian: Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection 2(2012), p. 137

Materials and components at nano-scales have some noticeable properties, such as extremely high rigidity and intensity.
Nanometer is at the scale of atoms, and the interactions among atoms show decisive influence on the behavior of nanometer materials at this scale, so nanometer materials must be analyzed as materials with certain atomic configurations and atomic potentials, but not a simple continuum.
Hwang: International Journal of solids and Structures Vol. 39(2002), p.3893 [4] L.G.
Shi: Computational Materials Science Vol. 23(2002), p.166 [5] D.W.
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Materials and methods Material.
A multivoltine variety of silkworm, P50 was used as the experimental materials, and reared by batching of male and female from the stage of 5th instar larvae.
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of National Hi-Tech Research and Development Project “863” (2006AA10A118).
Also, it is a part of the postdoctoral project “Studies on the abduction technology and the regulation mechanism of trimolter silkworm, Bombyx mori” from the post-doctoral station on Textile Science and Technology in Suzhou University, China.
Xia: Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.13 (2007), p.867 [7] Y.

Experimental The test material was U70 rail steel, which was a kind of heavy rail steel and the average carbon content was 0.7%.
The hardness of ordinary polycrystalline materials was changed as grain size d changed, and it was subject to Hall-Petch law [3].
For the specimen without ultrasonic impact treatment, there exist some other traces caused by the spalling of the material in block or lamella, besides deeper and wider furrows in the wear surface.
Acknowledgements Supported by Science Foundation of Education Office of Jiangxi Province(No.2007-182) and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conveyance and Equipment, East China Jiaotong University.
References [1] Jiqiu Gong: Wheel/Rail wear (China Railway Publications, China 1987).( In Chinese) [2] Jianhui Deng, Qiyue Liu, et a1: Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium Vol. 27(2006), p. 48( In Chinese) [3] Chongyan Leng, Xu Zhang, et a1: Rare Metal Materials and Engineering Vol. 37(2008), p. 556 [4] Gaohong Li, Lajun Feng, et a1: Transactions of the China Welding Institution Vol. 29(2008), p. 51 [5] Binfeng LU, Fenggui LU, et a1: Transactions of the China Welding Institution Vol.29(2008), p.77 [6] Ning Wu, Huaming Wang, et a1: Heat Treatment of Metals Vol. 34(2009), p.46 [7] Dongpo Wang, Yin Danqing: Journal of Tianjin University Vol. 39(2006), p.757 [8] Xiaoyu Liu: China Railway science Vol. 29 (2008), p.46 ( In Chinese) [9] RAO Delin, CHEN Ligong: Transactions of the China Welding Institution Vol. 26(2005), p.48 [10] Xu L J, Xing J D: Wear Vol. 262 (2006), p. 253 [11] Wei S Z, Zhu J H, Xu L J: Materials Science and Engineering A Vol. 404 (2005), p. 138

In materials there are lots of defects.
The existence of holes results in the decease of the elastics modulus of materials, but under small strain the materials mechanical behavior remains linear.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the support of National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants #90208002 and the support of the National Key Program for Developing Basic Research of China (Grant No.
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[2] Mohd Afian Omar, Istikamah Subuki, Noorsyakira Abdullah, Development of Metal Injection Moulding Process for MedicalApplications, Advanced Materials Research Vol. 428 (2012) pp 38-42 [3] M.
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Journal Citation (to be inserted by the publisher) Copyright by Trans Tech Publications THE ROLE OF SURFACE WAVES IN ASSESSING STRUCTURAL DAMAGE P.R.Armitage 1, J.M.Horwood 2 1 School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Exeter, Devon, UK e-mail p.r.armitage@exeter.ac.uk 2 School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Exeter, Devon, UK e-mail J.M.K.Horwood@ex.ac.uk Keywords: Rayleigh waves, gauge corner cracking, rail testing, concrete testing Abstract.
Introduction Over the years considerable research has been carried out in the use of sound waves to detect various defects that occur in materials.
Sound waves in materials and over surfaces There are only two types of sound wave that can propagate within the bulk mass of a homogeneous unbounded material, these are known as P-waves and S-waves.
In hetrogeneous materials the energy of the wave can be converted to different wave propagation modes, at the material boundaries compressional waves or shear waves can be formed.
• Over extensive, homogeneous materials, they are non-dispersive.