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Starch is an interesting renewable source due to easely modified its structure and easely to be found in agricultural country like Indonesia.
Results and Discussions Reaction Route From Starch to Graft-copolymers Typical structure of starch is hydroxide groups on each glucocide unit.
Spectra of (a) FTIR for starch and S2255 and (b) C13-NMR for S2255 Chemical structure of the products was determined by C13-NMR and FTIR, as shown in Figure 1a.
Furthermore analysis of chemical structure on the product S2255 was studied by measuring C-13NMR, as shown in Figure 1b.
Technol. 14 (2003) 508-516 [5] Starch : Chemistry and Technology, Academic Press, USA, 2009, pp. 441-525 [6] C.

Experimental Report of Producing Artificial Diesel Oil and Artificial Glycol from Large Proportion Water Zhongren Wang Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China conf12@126.com Keywords: artificial diesel oil, artificial glycol, adaptive learning mechanism, chemistry engineering Abstract.
The real facts of processing the artificial diesel oil and artificial glycol open a new ‘water chemistry engineering’ area that means to make hydrocarbon, glycol and other organic liquid materials utilizing large amount of water. 3.
That means the water will be transformed to the structure similar to the template liquid (the original diesel oil, glycol or other liquid organic material) in a micro-region.

Preparation and Physical Chemistry Characterization of New Nanostructured Oxides Catalysts by Spray Pyrolysis Method for the Biodiesel Production Silvania Lanfredi1,a, Elisabeth Djurado2,b, Marcos A.L.
The synthesis conditions were optimized to obtain single phase powder of titanates of double perovskite structure, with an ultrasound vibration frequency of 1.3 MHz at 700 °C under air flow.
The double perovskite structure can be represented as a three-dimensional network of B and B'O6 octahedra, which alternate in structure with A cations occupying interstitial sites.
Compounds with double perovskite structure are versatile, capable of generating a large family of solids.
In this work, Sr0.8K0.2TiCu0.10O3, Sr0.7K0.3TiCu0.15O3 and Sr0.5K0.5TiCu0.25O3 nanostructured particulate of double perovskite structure were prepared by spray pyrolysis method.

Specific of lamellar structure is the strong ionicity of the bonds.
The first one corresponds to PdX2 phases (X = S, Se) [3], which exhibit a special layered structure.
Briefly they exhibit: i) true layered structure of CdI2 type (i.e.
TiTe2, IrTe2) [3], NbTe2 type structure (VTe2, NbTe2, TaTe2) [3] and WTe2 type structures (WTe2, β-MoTe2) [3], in which M - M interactions distort the ideal CdI2-type structure [3] to give rise to double or single zigzag metal chains, respectively; iii) real pyrite structures (MnTe2); and iv) polymeric pyrite structures, in which (Te2) pairs are in interconnection via short Te - Te contacts [3].
David: J. of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 89, (1990) p.315 [4] Sortais-Soulard, C.: Équilibres oxydo-réducteurs dans les dichalcogénures de platine et de palladium.

Both structures are confirmed by riedveld refinement using the FullProf_suite 2021 software.
For both samples, the 2 Ɵ° diffraction peaks of 31.80, 34.41, 36.21, 47.52 and 56.53 correspond well to the reticular planes (100), (002), (101), (102) and (110) respectively, of the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO (JCPDS no. 36-1451 ZnO wurtzite structure) [18,19].
Burton, Phase equilibria and crystal chemistry in portions of the system SrO-CaO-Bi2O3-CuO, Part II - The system SrO-Bi2O3-CuO, J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol. 95 (1990)
Lin Wang, Single-Crystal Mesoporous ZnO Thin Films Composed of Nanowalls, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 113 (2009) 1791–1794. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp809358m
Zerouale, Adsorptive removal of brilliant green dye from aqueous solutions using cedar and mahogany sawdusts, Scientific Study and Research: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Food Industry. 20 (2019) 395–409

Figure 1 (a, b) clearly shows the graphitic structures along with large Fe nanoparticles.
Before carbonization, a broad peak is observed and ascribed to an amorphous structure.
After rapid heating at 1000 °C, the structure is transformed to increased crystallinity.
Li, Colloidal Carbon Spheres and Their Core/Shell Structures with Noble-Metal Nanoparticles, Angew.
Inam, Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers, in: Sidorenko AS (ed) Physics, chemistry and biology of functional nanostructures III, Beilstein, 2016, pp.1174-1196

Our previous studies of ZnO nanorods grown by chemical bath technique on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates at 90 C for 8-10 hours resulted in uniform growth of hexagonally shaped closed nanorod structures.
Our observation of incomplete structures with open surface features [9] is consistent with the coalescence of tiny needle bundle over time.
Paige Johnson of TU Chemistry with AFM and SEM studies.
Dale Teeters of TU Chemistry helped us with numerous issues regarding the chemical bath deposition.

O2 plasma treatment induces a transformation in the structure of WO₃ thin films, converting them into a crystalline structure.
The film's crystal structure changed at 200W plasma power and 1 x 10-2 mbar operating pressure.
The experimental results suggest that the plasma treatment excitation process after crystallization can transform the films' amorphous structure into a crystalline structure.
Kumar, "Studies on DC sputtered cuprous oxide thin films for solar cell absorber layers," Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 281, p. 125922, 2022
Dinescu, "Influence of plasma functionalization treatment and gold nanoparticles on surface chemistry and wettability of reactive-sputtered TiO₂ thin films," Applied Surface Science, 2018

Determination of Mercury Ions by Using Nano Gold Plate Electrode Based on Amino Thiol Self-assembled Film Zhong Cao1,a,*, Shu Long1,2,b, Xiang Shi1, Ju-Lan Zeng1, Li-Xian Sun1 and Rong-Hua Yang2,c,* 1 Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410004, P.
China 2 State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.
The sensing mechanism of 6-AHT monolayer has also been discussed by the formation of coordination structure between amino groups of the thiol molecules and the mercury ions.
The interaction mechanism for recognition of mercury ion based on the 6-amino-1-hexanethiol molecule self-assembled monolayer is schematically shown in Fig. 2, indicating that there are possible coordination structure formed between amino groups of the thiol molecules and mercury ions, which is attributed to week complexation effect between the lone pair electrons provided by amino nitrogen of the thiol molecules and unoccupied orbitals provided by the mercury ions.

Nasir3,d 1Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl.
Ganesha 10 Bandung, 40132, Indonesia 2Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Jl.
Several parameters include polymer concentration, solution flow rate, the distance of the nozzle tip to the collector, and the applied voltage were investigated to control the morphology, structure, and diameter of PMMA fibers.
[10] Megelski S., Stephen J.S, Chase D.B., Rabilt J.F., (2002): Micro and Nano Structured Surface Morphology on Electrospun Polymer Fibers, Macromolecules, 35, 8456-8466 [11] Lin T., Wangh X., Wang H.M, Wang X.G, (2004) : The charge effest of Ctionic Surfactans on the elimination of fibre beads in the electrospinning of Polystyrene, Microtechnology, 15(9), 1375-1381