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In addition, the use of a disk laser allows to obtain significant reduction in focus diameter and increased beam quality compared to traditional rod or slab lasers.
Technical data of the welding system, which consists of a 6-axis robot and optics, are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Welding system technical data Maximum output power [kW] 2.0 Laser light wavelength [nm] 1030 Beam Parameter Product [mm × mrad] 8.0 Focus diameter [μm] 300 Focal length [mm] 200 Maximum energy density [kW/mm2] 28.3 Table 2: Nominal chemical composition of AA 2024 (wt.%) Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Al 0.50 0.50 3.80 ÷ 4.90 0.30 ÷ 0.90 1.20 ÷ 1.80 0.1 0.25 0.15 Bal.
Table 3: Parameters and average data of BOP beads Thermal input [J/mm] Power [kW] Welding rate [mm/s] Penetration depth [mm] Porosity content [%] 200 1300 6.50 1.71 1.59 200 1400 7.00 2.63 4.93 200 1600 8.00 3.20 1.10 200 1800 9.00 3.20 0.00 160 1300 8.13 1.75 0.36 160 1400 8.75 2.10 0.80 160 1600 10.0 3.20 5.21 160 1800 11.3 3.20 0.23 Figure 3: Penetration depth and porosity content as a function of power for given thermal inputs Parameters and average data of the beads are listed in Table 3.
Peix: Reduction of porosity content generated during Nd:YAG laser welding of A356 and AA5083 aluminium alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume 363 (2003), pp. 40-52

The available data are the locked-rotor torque (starting torque), breakdown torque, and full-load torque.
The errors F1, F2, and F3 are computed using the available data from the sample motors, that is, 5 hp, 50 hp, and 500 hp.
The manufacturer-supplied data from the respective datasheets of the three motors are presented in Table 1.
Using the performance characteristics, majorly considering the torque and other nameplate data to minimize the deviation between the estimated and manufacturer data.
Rabelo, A High Precision Method for Induction Machine Parameters Estimation From Manufacturer Data, IEEE Trans.

The analysis of the electronic and elasticity approaches to HELP is carried out using the experimental data.
It follows from the estimation made in [7] that about 10 -2 of H/Me ratio is sufficient for the reduction of the repulsive force.
It was obtained (see Fig. 2) that hydrogen increases the density of electron states at the Fermi level, which is consistent with the experimental data.
Let us test these predictions using the experimental data for hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon in austenitic steels, where the elasticity theory does not predict any qualitative difference between interstitial atoms.
Thus, the presented experimental data can be explained based on the electronic approach to the HELP theory and cannot be interpreted in terms of the continuum mechanics.

The optimized designs showed temperature deviations below the 16 °C as well as the reduction of 50% in terms of nitrogen consuming.
The experimental data and the numerical simulations of the selected industrial case proved the cooling effectiveness of the original channel design but also the unbalance of the thermal gradient around the bearings and the non-optimal handling of nitrogen consuming, thus offering a suitable test case.
Therefore, only the main data are here synthetically recalled for the sake of clarity of the present work.
In terms of nitrogen consuming a reduction of about 60% was gain with both optimized designs.
The efficient investigation of the optimization design space allowed identifying and selecting solutions that led to a significant improvement of the cooling balancing around the bearings as well as to the reduction of the nitrogen consumption, obtaining temperature differences below 16°C in all selected configurations and the reduction of about 60% in terms of nitrogen flow rate.

Midship Section Optimization of Hatchcoverless Container Ship based on Real-Coded Micro-Genetic Algorithm Yunyoung KIM 1, Ki-Sung KIM 2 and Je-Woong PARK3 1 Department of Marine Systems Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, JAPAN 2 Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University 253, Younghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, KOREA 3 Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chosun University 375, Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, KOREA 1 yykim@fatigue.nams.kyushu-u.ac.jp, 2kisung@inha.ac.kr, 3jwpark@chosun.ac.kr Keywords: Real-coded micro-genetic algorithm, Binary-coded genetic algorithm, Continuous search spaces, Midship section design, Scantling reduction factor.
(5) Initial BF and DF , which are the local reduction factors to determine all scantlings of midship section members, are randomly assumed.
Optimum Results Yes No Assume Initial Design Variables Initial Scantling Reduction Factors (FB & FD) Determine Plate Thickness Determine Scantlings of Longitudinal Members Calculate FB & FD Satisfy Hull Sectional Modulus ?
Yes No Yes No Real- coded Micro- Genetic Algorithm Optimum Design Variables Assume Initial Design Variables Initial Scantling Reduction Factors (FB & FD) Determine Plate Thickness Determine Scantlings of Longitudinal Members Calculate FB & FD Satisfy Hull Sectional Modulus ?
Michalewicz, Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs, extended edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994 [6] K.

Theory, Materials and Methods Reducing the content of alloying elements leads to a reduction mechanical properties of steel (yield strength limit and tensile strength) by precipitation hardening mechanism, and solid solution hardening.
This method is used to calculate the average size of recrystallized grains based on the data about the initial average grain size, thermomechanical parameters (deformation, strain rate and temperature), as well as various parameters of the investigated material.
Calculations using the model (13) showed that the reduction of the vanadium content in the steel from 0.05 % to 0.02 % reduces Dsppt 20 – 25 MPa - from 105 – 140 to 85 – 120 MPa depending on the cooling rate.
Five options were suggested for changing the chemical composition of steel: 1) reduction of vanadium in half with 0.045 – 0.060 % to 0.020 – 0.035 %; 2) reducing nickel in half with 0.2 – 0.3 % 0.1 – 0.2 %; 3) reduction of copper in half with 0.1 – 0.2 % to 0.0 – 0.1 %; 4) reduction of vanadium quadrupled from 0.045 – 0.060 % to 0.0 –0.015 %; 5) reduction of vanadium (from 0.045 – 0.060 % to 0.0 – 0.015 %) and copper (from 0.1 – 0.2 % to 0.0 – 0.08 %).
To compensate, microalloying elements it developed complex replacing technological influences: - speed increase cooling to 14 – 22 ° C / sec; - reduction accelerated cooling end temperature to 555 ± 15 °C.

Many cost reduction are done on product design, material cost and manufacturing operation.
The product performance will be considered to prevent the reduction of reliability and degradation.
This data is collected for a month.
Fig. 3: The Maximum temperature profiles for single laser pulse Fig. 4: The Maximum temperature profiles for 2 laser pulse (a) (b) Fig. 5: a:The pull test data of heat experiment, b: The bridging model validation Conclusion The simulation shows how model responds the laser pulse.

Then amino acid detection study was performed with all 24 amino acids, which provides the successful data for sensing the amino acid L-dopa.
The most frequently used method is the chemical reduction method, which involves the reduction of metal ions using various reduction agents, such as citric acid, borohydride (Lee and Meisel method) [15], NH2OH [16], N2H4 [17], ethylene glycol [18], ethanol [19].
In addition, UV–Vis data did not reveal the presence of a peak at around 404 nm in the other amino acids except L-dopa [46, 47] Fig. 14.
A comparative study of antioxidant activity with standard antioxidant reference materials ascorbic acid (AA) and free radical (DPPH) were conducted shown in Fig. 15. and Table 1 shows the UV data of Anti-oxidant activity.
Fig. 15: Antioxidant assay of DPPH with standard Ascorbic Acid and different concentrations of CARBI-AgNps Table 1: UV data of Anti-oxidant activity Sr.

The defect reduction observed is evidence that the intent of the high temperature C-process anneal came to fruition.
A potential issue with the DLTS data is that less than one-half of the bandgap is surveyed with the n-type samples and the temperature range employed.
The data revealed a diffusion length of 65 µm.
By evaluating the derivative of the IV data, 300 400 500 600 700 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 C-Process B-Process A-Process DLTS signal (pF) Temperature (K) Figure 2 - DLTS measurements on A-process, B-process, and C-process samples shown with a rate window of 10 ms.
This device data is consistent with our conclusion that that the observed MPCD decay times in C-process material are attributable to SRH recombination.

Data such as domain thickness, number of layers, number of elements, number of nodes, number of integration points are then inputted.
INPT also initialize matrices that would be required to store values later in the program and finally reads in material data from an excel file which contains the energy and attenuation data from the XCOM database.
Thus from the results it becomes needless to analyze the shielding capabilities of materials with the Monte Carlo technique when the attenuation coefficients and other radiation properties of the material are readily known or can be obtained from theoretical data bases such as the NIST XCOM data base for photon crossections [9].
Linear Attenuation coefficients were calculated using the XCOM data base.
This is as a result of the reduction in the attenuation coefficient of the materials due to increase in the photon energy shown in Table 1.