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However, the progress in both machining techniques and the materials to be machined has led to the development of multilayered coatings and, recently, to super-hard superlattice structures [13 - 15].
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the deposition process Polished discs (Ø 20 mm × 5 mm thick) of EN ISO HS 6-5-2 tool steel, with a surface roughness Ra of 0.01µm and hardened to 64 – 65 HRC are used as the substrate materials.
The formation of these microparticles is due to the used technology for evaporation of cathode materials (Cr and Ti) - physical vapor deposition by electric arc [12, 35 -37].
Louda, Influence of Coating Deposition Parameters on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of TiCN Coatings, Journal of Nano Research 49 (2017) 98-107
Lai, Effect of substrate surface roughness on the characteristics of CrN hard film, Materials Chemistry and Physics 43 (1996) 266 - 273

Material Texture Contourlet Retrieval by Energy and Variance Distribution Features Xinwu Chen1, a, Jing Ge1,b，Liping Che2,c 1College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China 2Information Science and Technology College, Northwest University, Xi’an, China achenxinwu@126.com, bJing_ge@126.com, chappyapple1120@163.com Keywords: content based image retrieval; contourlet transform; texture image retrieval; energy; variance distribution Abstract. contourlet transform can extract image texture information more efficiently than wavelet transform and has been studied for image de-noising, enhancement, and retrieval situations, its low retrieval rate are still not satisfied due to feature extraction and other reasons.
Introduction Texture is an important character of material surface and can be a retrieval entrance in modern societies.
Hema: Content Based Medical Image Retrieval by Combining Rotation Invariant Contourlet Features and Fourier Descriptors, International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol. 2 (2009), p. 35-39 [8] http://www.ux. uis.no/~tranden/brodatz.html

Recently, a functional relationship of apparent activation energy to the heating rate was observed for several material systems[11,12].
Experimental material was annealed before experiment to obtain pearlite and ferrite mixed initial microstructure.
References [1] A.Murugaiyan, A.Saha Podder, A.Pandit, et.al: ISIJ International, 2006,46(10):1489-1494 [2] PAN Jian-sheng, LI Yong-jun, LI Ding-qiang: Journal of materials processing technology, 2002,122(2-3):241-248 [3] S.Denis, D.Farias, A.Simon: ISIJ International, 1992,32(.3):316-325 [4] M.
Sahay: Materials Science and Engineering A, 2007, 445–446(15):310–315 [14] S.S.Sahay, C.P.Malhotra, A.M.Kolkhede: Acta Materialia, 2003, 51(2):339-346 [15] L.Fang, W.E.Wood, D.F.Atteridge: Metallurgical and materials transactions A, 1997,28(1):5-14

StJohn 1,c 1 CRC for Cast Metals Manufacturing (CAST), Division of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia 2 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Metals and Ceramics Division, 1 Bethel valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6115, USA a g.song@minmet.uq.edu.au, bbowlesal@ornl.gov, cd.stjohn@minmet.uq.edu.au Keywords: magnesium, corrosion, strength, microstructure.
Rodrigo, Magnesium Technology 2000, (Nashville, USA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 2000). p. 295- 300
Song, A.Atrens, "Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys", Invited Refereed Review Article for Corrosion and Environmental Degradation of Materials: Volume 19 of the Series: Materials Science and Technology, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH (2000) [6] G.
Song, David StJohn, International Journal of Cast Metals Research, 12:327-334 (2000)

Introduction Over the past decade, many important technological advances have provided us with the tools and materials needed to construct biosensor devices.
Besides some analytical performance advantages, nanotechnology has bring biosensor the possibility for construction of biosensor arrays for high throughput parallel measurements, increase sensitivity and selectivity by incorporating nanomaterial and the possibility for integration of biosensors with microfluidics for construction of lab-on-a-chip devices [2,3].Nanotechnology is defined as the study of synthesis, properties and application of structures and materials having at least one critical dimension on the scale of less than 100 nm [3].For these Nanobiosensor to reach their potential, they must designed and fabricated with conformity of significant parameters like dimension, material on which selectivity and sensitivity of a device are qualified.
In photolithography, the critical dimension can be limited by many aspect of the process including hardware, materials and processing consideration [6].
Madou, Fundamentals of Microfabrication: The Science of Miniaturization, second ed., CRC Press, Florida, 2011
Lee, Advanced Process Control of the Critical Dimension in Photolithography, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 9 (2008) 12–18.

Tube hydropiercing is a new hole making process accompanied by large plastic deformation before material fracture.
The mechanical properties of tube material are as follows: Young's module E＝210 GPa, Poisson's ratio μ=0.28.
A vertical smooth zone is formed following the progress of punch penetration, which reflects the accumulation of material plastic deformation.
Crack initiates at the point where the effective strain first reaches the fracture strain of material.
Su, et al: Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals Vol. 16, 1(2006), p. 22 (In Chinese) [7] K.H.

Sensing unit is based on the piezoelectric effect, and utilizes the principle of sound waves near the surface of the particular piezoelectric material, that the energy of the wave decay exponentially in the direction away from the surface of the piezoelectric material and more than 95% of the energy is left in the material near the surface.
Therefore any changes of the characteristics of the surface piezoelectric material that is the changes of the wave propagation will cause corresponding changes of the wave velocity, amplitude and frequency; we can obtain the variation in characteristic of piezoelectric material by detecting the changes of the wave frequency (∆f).
There is a direct correlation between the characteristics of the piezoelectric material and the environment temperature, humidity, gas concentration, pressure, torque, etc Qualities and properties of the piezoelectric material affect the performance and uses of the SAW sensors directly.
So we chose the quartz material as the resonant device to make the sensing unit because of its cheaper cost and relatively mature production technology.
Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators Vol. 26(2013), p.578 [4] Thomas M.A Gronewold: Surface acoustic wave sensors in the bioanalytical field: Recent trends and chanlenges Analytica Chimica Acta Vol. 603 (2007), p.120 [5] B.

Figure 1 Variable parameters of 1.7 Figure 2 Variable parameters of 2.6 part drawing (unit mm) part drawing (unit mm) We choose nickel-based superalloy GH4169 as the material of sealing ring[1,2], working temperature can reach to 600 ℃. 
Under high temperature, the strength of the material is still very good, its oxidation resistance, fatigue, fracture toughness, plastic and other comprehensive performance are very good also, the basic mechanical properties parameters are shown in Table 1[3].
In the local high stress area of the sealing ring, material may occur plastic deformation, and present a nonlinear characteristics of the material.
Damage Tolerance of Alloy Turbine Disc Material.
Journal of nanchang aviation university., Natural science edition: 27 (2).

For the oxygen-free copper TU1 material, surface residual stress mainly due to plastic deformation effects belonging to mechanical stress[3].
First, we take the aging treatment for material.
As shown in Fig.4, the basic principle of “equilateral milling strategy” is that using side edge of the cutter to remove the material of both sides evenly offset the residual stress generated due to cutting forces and material removal.
The fixture tooling using cast iron material because its thermal expansion coefficient is small can be processed to a higher accuracy.
[4] Wang Litao, Xu Lingping, Zhang Haitao, Wang Zhongjue: Journal of Anhui University of Technology and Science Vol.2 (2004), p.36

Introduction Under traditional technique conditions, some complicated structure and high accuracy demanded components cannot be satisfied owing to the material is hard to be manufactured.
Electrical discharge grinding is not easily affected by material and physical properties and it is of high precision[1,2].
(1) (2) Where and are the total removal of positive and negative pole, and are the removal speed of positive and negative pole, is called the single pulse energy, stand for discharge frequency, is processing time,and are technological coefficient, related to electrode materials, pulse coefficient, working liquid, etc, stand for effective pulse utilization rate, is the discharge time of a single pulse, (V) stand for gap voltage which varying with time, (A) is gap current which varying with time.
Acknowledgements This project is in part supported by a grant(NO.2008537) for the Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing Technology by the Education Department of Liaoning Province Natural Science and Technology Foundation.
International Journal OF Electrical Machining.2001(3)1~6(In Chinese) [3] Guo Jinquan.The study on difficult-to-process material discharge machining pulse power.