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Online since: October 2013
Authors: Le Ya Wu, Wei Hua Zeng, Hao Wu
Energy saving and emission reduction is a necessary way for China to develop low carbon economy.
Thus, there is still a great of potential for energy saving and emission reduction.
Data resource This paper focus on the interconnection between energy intensity and structure evolution and scientific technology progress from 1995 to 2010, we can get the GDP, total energy consumption and each type of energy use in industry from China statistical yearbook 2011 [1], as for the carbon dioxide emission, we take the energy coefficient from IPCC 2006 as reference, which means the carbon dioxide emission coefficient of coal, oil and natural gas are 2.74, 2.14 and 1.63 t/tce, respectively.
The aggregative scientific technology progress index comes from China scientific technology statistical yearbook 2003-2011 [5], because the lack of statistical data from 1995 to 2001, so we only get the data from 2002 to 2010.
Also based on the four models, we make a potential analysis about the two factors on energy saving and emission reduction in the future.
Thus, there is still a great of potential for energy saving and emission reduction.
Data resource This paper focus on the interconnection between energy intensity and structure evolution and scientific technology progress from 1995 to 2010, we can get the GDP, total energy consumption and each type of energy use in industry from China statistical yearbook 2011 [1], as for the carbon dioxide emission, we take the energy coefficient from IPCC 2006 as reference, which means the carbon dioxide emission coefficient of coal, oil and natural gas are 2.74, 2.14 and 1.63 t/tce, respectively.
The aggregative scientific technology progress index comes from China scientific technology statistical yearbook 2003-2011 [5], because the lack of statistical data from 1995 to 2001, so we only get the data from 2002 to 2010.
Also based on the four models, we make a potential analysis about the two factors on energy saving and emission reduction in the future.
Online since: February 2019
Authors: Vyacheslav A. Dudko, Boris P. Yur'ev, Anna Shageeva
Using a generalized chemical kinetics equation, we have obtained a formula for checking the expressions that describe the experimental data.
To optimize the operating roasting conditions, we need to have the data pertaining to the kinetics of these processes [9 – 20].
The data obtained during the experiments allowed us to get dependences of the degree of calcination on the prill size, duration of thermal treatment, temperature, and gas-phase composition.
(12) This formula will be used later on for checking the expressions that describe experimental data.
The calculations showed that estimates and experimental data are in good agreement.
To optimize the operating roasting conditions, we need to have the data pertaining to the kinetics of these processes [9 – 20].
The data obtained during the experiments allowed us to get dependences of the degree of calcination on the prill size, duration of thermal treatment, temperature, and gas-phase composition.
(12) This formula will be used later on for checking the expressions that describe experimental data.
The calculations showed that estimates and experimental data are in good agreement.
Online since: May 2014
Authors: Xiao Hong Su, Dan Dan Gong, Tian Tian Wang, Pei Jun Ma
The test cases reduction approach provides suitable test cases inputs for fault localization
They proposed vector-based reduction techniques and found that statement-based reduction strategy provides much greater reduction of the test-suite than vector-based reduction, but vector-based reduction is more effective on fault localization.
(3) The third method analyzes both data dependence and control dependence.
However, it only analyzes the branch prediction and control flow graph, so the faults relevant to data flow cannot be analyzed.
Unfortunately, there has not been any study that investigates the test cases reduction based on the execution path.
They proposed vector-based reduction techniques and found that statement-based reduction strategy provides much greater reduction of the test-suite than vector-based reduction, but vector-based reduction is more effective on fault localization.
(3) The third method analyzes both data dependence and control dependence.
However, it only analyzes the branch prediction and control flow graph, so the faults relevant to data flow cannot be analyzed.
Unfortunately, there has not been any study that investigates the test cases reduction based on the execution path.
Online since: April 2011
Authors: Feng Bin Wang, Yuan Wang Wei, Long Jun Huang
It offers mathematical tools to discover patterns hidden in data, can be used for feature selection, feature extraction, data reduction, and pattern extraction (templates, association rules) identifies partial or total dependencies in data, eliminates redundant data, gives approach to null values, missing data, dynamic data etc.
(d) Preprocess the MIS data including filling these null data with specific values and discretization of the continuous data.
Algorithm 2: Data Completion Algorithm.In the current business data mining, the obvious problem is the data incompletion.
Algorithm 4: Attribute reduction algorithm.Attribute reduction is a very important research in rough set theory.
Method of Data Reduction Based on Boolean Matrix[J].
(d) Preprocess the MIS data including filling these null data with specific values and discretization of the continuous data.
Algorithm 2: Data Completion Algorithm.In the current business data mining, the obvious problem is the data incompletion.
Algorithm 4: Attribute reduction algorithm.Attribute reduction is a very important research in rough set theory.
Method of Data Reduction Based on Boolean Matrix[J].
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Tie Ying Li, Qing Xie Lv
Through field measurement to obtain the wind field characteristics and wind-induced vibration, can be compared with wind tunnel test data, and promote the improvement and development of the wind tunnel test technique.
Structure of information system, therefore, is actually a result of structure design, construction, testing and research, as well as the structure reinforcement scheme such as the comprehensive database, according to different purposes, calls the database of data to carry on the corresponding processing, it is the combination of civil structural characteristics research and information technology.
(3) improve the disaster reduction management in intelligent building design, realize the combination of human and comprehensive disaster reduction.
China's disaster reduction. (12) : 2005-50, 51 [7] Child stars; TaoPeng.
Urban disaster reduction management and intelligent building [J].
Structure of information system, therefore, is actually a result of structure design, construction, testing and research, as well as the structure reinforcement scheme such as the comprehensive database, according to different purposes, calls the database of data to carry on the corresponding processing, it is the combination of civil structural characteristics research and information technology.
(3) improve the disaster reduction management in intelligent building design, realize the combination of human and comprehensive disaster reduction.
China's disaster reduction. (12) : 2005-50, 51 [7] Child stars; TaoPeng.
Urban disaster reduction management and intelligent building [J].
Online since: January 2016
Authors: Ernest Crist, Don Li, K.O. Yu, P. Sartkulvanich
Material flow stress properties for FEM inputs were extracted from SPF tensile test data [4] for Ti-64 FGS and RTI proprietary testing data for Ti-64 STD.
Data was fit using the power law flow stress equation.
The strain rate has less effect on YS reduction in Ti-64 FGS, which implies that the forming time may not significantly affect the reduction in YS of the final product.
Superplastic strain has direct effect on percent reduction of YS.
These results are in agreement with the tensile property data, where yield and tensile strength properties are comparable in both directions.
Data was fit using the power law flow stress equation.
The strain rate has less effect on YS reduction in Ti-64 FGS, which implies that the forming time may not significantly affect the reduction in YS of the final product.
Superplastic strain has direct effect on percent reduction of YS.
These results are in agreement with the tensile property data, where yield and tensile strength properties are comparable in both directions.
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Xiao Hua Yang, Zeng Jie Cai, Wen Sheng Sun, Tai Feng Zhang
In this paper, meso-mechanical analysis is used and a two-parameter model is developed to describe the stiffness reduction.
Then with the help of the damage evolution, the stiffness reduction of laminates can be predicted.
Table 1 shows the strength data of a [0]8 laminate with 56% fibre.
Under high stress level, fibre breakage is the dominant factor to laminate, which lead to the stiffness reduction to be linear reduction.
Stiffness reduction mechanisms in composite laminates.
Then with the help of the damage evolution, the stiffness reduction of laminates can be predicted.
Table 1 shows the strength data of a [0]8 laminate with 56% fibre.
Under high stress level, fibre breakage is the dominant factor to laminate, which lead to the stiffness reduction to be linear reduction.
Stiffness reduction mechanisms in composite laminates.
Online since: March 2006
Authors: R.G. Santos, J.L. Peralta
Experiments were carried out in order to obtain slabs without thickness
reduction and with thickness reduction of about 20% and 40%.
One of then is the liquid core reduction [5].
The variations of temperature at different positions in the slabs and in the mould were measured by thermocouples coupled to a data acquisition system.
(a) slab without thickness reduction and (b) slab with 20% reduction. structure.
Variation of secondary arm spacing with the distance from metal/mould interface: (a) slab without reduction, (b) with a reduction of 20% and (c) with a reduction of 40%.
One of then is the liquid core reduction [5].
The variations of temperature at different positions in the slabs and in the mould were measured by thermocouples coupled to a data acquisition system.
(a) slab without thickness reduction and (b) slab with 20% reduction. structure.
Variation of secondary arm spacing with the distance from metal/mould interface: (a) slab without reduction, (b) with a reduction of 20% and (c) with a reduction of 40%.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Jun Wang
Analyzing the test data mean, standard deviation SD and coefficient of variation COV of casing Q125, some conclusions are obtained as follows: coefficient of variation of tensile strength is less than 1.00%, and the maximum coefficient of variation of yield strength is 1.78%, indicating experimental data is discrete to a lesser extent, with good agreement.
High Grade Steel Casing Material Strength Model at High Temperature Defining a strength function which is temperature related (MPa), where T is the temperature variable (℃), and 20℃≤T≤350℃, fixed value represents the test data at room temperature; represents the test data at high temperature.
Based on the above results, yield strength reduction factor and tensile strength reduction factor are estimated at each temperature, respectively, fitting all the data and material property model under the effect of temperature is established (Table 2), and the fitting curve has been shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
To test the accuracy of fitting formula, some statistical analysis have been done between the fitting formula and the experimental data, showing that the correlation coefficients of the expressions are all above 0.9 (Table 2), which indicate that the estimated value of the fitting formula and the corresponding actual data have been fitting well.
But during the casing design under high temperature, we need to select the casing under this temperature, at the situation of the absence of experimental data, a strength reduction factor bottom line at high temperature should be require.
High Grade Steel Casing Material Strength Model at High Temperature Defining a strength function which is temperature related (MPa), where T is the temperature variable (℃), and 20℃≤T≤350℃, fixed value represents the test data at room temperature; represents the test data at high temperature.
Based on the above results, yield strength reduction factor and tensile strength reduction factor are estimated at each temperature, respectively, fitting all the data and material property model under the effect of temperature is established (Table 2), and the fitting curve has been shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
To test the accuracy of fitting formula, some statistical analysis have been done between the fitting formula and the experimental data, showing that the correlation coefficients of the expressions are all above 0.9 (Table 2), which indicate that the estimated value of the fitting formula and the corresponding actual data have been fitting well.
But during the casing design under high temperature, we need to select the casing under this temperature, at the situation of the absence of experimental data, a strength reduction factor bottom line at high temperature should be require.
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Wen Shi Ma, Jun Wen Zhou, Xiao Dan Lin
The results showed that the reduction reaction was very fast in the first 1 h, the content of total oxygen bonded carbon atoms decreased from 83.6% to 22.1%, and then after the reduction rate became very slow.
After reduction for 24h, there still exists 16.4% oxygen bonded carbon atoms and the total conversion ratio of graphene approaches 70%.
So far the most commonly method to prepare graphene was oxidation-reduction reaction, and there are thermal reduction, use reducing agent, and ultraviolet reduction, however, the reaction mechanism is not very clear, and few incidents of the change of the content of oxygen-containing functional groups with time have been reported.
The data shows that after reduction for 1h, the content of total carbon atoms in different carbon and oxygen functional groups decreased from 83.64% to 22.08%, it means 61.56% oxidized carbon get reduced during the first one hour reduction, the degree of reduction was very high. after 12h and 24h prolonged reduction, the content of carbon bonded with oxygen was 19.56% and 16.47%, respectively, that’s means the reduction rate decreased with the extension of time, and the oxygen-containing functional groups can not been fully removed by simply prolonged reduction time.
This increased the stereo-hindrance for reduction, and resulted in a total graphene conversion ratio approaching 70%.
After reduction for 24h, there still exists 16.4% oxygen bonded carbon atoms and the total conversion ratio of graphene approaches 70%.
So far the most commonly method to prepare graphene was oxidation-reduction reaction, and there are thermal reduction, use reducing agent, and ultraviolet reduction, however, the reaction mechanism is not very clear, and few incidents of the change of the content of oxygen-containing functional groups with time have been reported.
The data shows that after reduction for 1h, the content of total carbon atoms in different carbon and oxygen functional groups decreased from 83.64% to 22.08%, it means 61.56% oxidized carbon get reduced during the first one hour reduction, the degree of reduction was very high. after 12h and 24h prolonged reduction, the content of carbon bonded with oxygen was 19.56% and 16.47%, respectively, that’s means the reduction rate decreased with the extension of time, and the oxygen-containing functional groups can not been fully removed by simply prolonged reduction time.
This increased the stereo-hindrance for reduction, and resulted in a total graphene conversion ratio approaching 70%.