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In 1950s, fracture mechanics as a branch of solid mechanics was developed as a discipline studying the strength of materials and structures containing cracks[1].
Erdogan and Gupta have obtained the analytic solution of composite materials containing crack in the interlayer by using integral transform[3].
Journal of Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering,2002,45(3): 371-378
(Natural Science Edition),2009.37(1):61-64.
Fracture and Fatigue Analysis of Functionally Graded and Homogeneous Materials Using Singular Integral Equation Approach[D].

Although its comprehensive use has been studying for many years, utilization efficiency still low and most made as brick, cement, constructing materials, etc, especially in China.
Experimental Materials and Methods Extraction of SiO2 from Coal Gangue.
Summery Silica aerogels could be synthesized by utilizing coal gangue as start materials via ambient pressure drying.
References [1] C.J.Lee, G.S.Kim and S.H.Hyun: Journal of Materials Science Vol. 37(2002), p. 2237 [2] Zaidong Shao, Fengzuan Luo, Xuan Cheng and Ying Zhang: Materials Chemistry and Physics: Vol.141(2013), p. 570 [3] Dafang Zhao, Yiming Chen, Xiaobin Hong and Jing Xu: Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society Vol.32(2004), p. 548 [4] Yimin Chen, Dafang Zhao, Kai Xie and Jiayu Xiao: Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society Vol.33(2005), p. 727 [5] Uzma K.H.
Bangi, In-Keun Jung, Chang-Sun Park, Seungsu Baek and Hyung-Ho Park: Solid State Sciences Vol.18(2013), p. 50 [6] Na Chen, YunYan and Zhihua Hu: Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol.33(2011), p. 37 [7] Fei Shi, Jingxao Liu, Kai Song and Zhenyu Wang: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids Vol.356(2010), p. 2241 [8] Fengmei Jia, Li Qin and Xibing Zhao: Inner Mongolia Science Technology&Economy Vol.17(2011), p. 93 [9] Pradip B.

Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2005, 20(2): 310-316.
Journal of Inorganic materials, 2000, 15(2): 347-355.In Chinese [9] Hu S C, Zhou Z W, Chu L S.
Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2013, 41(2):39-43.
Journal of Functional Materials, 2011, 42(B02): 69-72.In Chinese [21] Lei H F, Wang P, Zhang Y M, etc.
MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2009, 17(4): 457-461.

Experimental System and Materials The DRS-1 high normal stress direct and residual shear apparatus which was developed by state key lab for geomechanics and deep underground engineering is used to study the mechanical characteristics of the experimental materials as shown in Fig.1.
(a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 2 Experimental materials Analysis of experimental results (a) =0.4MPa (b) =0.8MPa (c) =10MPa (d) =12MPa Fig. 3 Shear stress curves of different granular materials under different normal stress condition Shear Stress Analysis of Different Experimental Materials.
The difference of macroscopic behavior of the materials is mainly because of the change of the microstructure.
The Fig.4 indicates that the volume strain of the experimental materials is different obviously under different normal stress condition.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (50974117).

The Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Effect in (1-x)KNbO3-xBaGeO3 Based Ceramics Xu Tie-zhu, aZhu Xing-wen, Gong Min, Wang Sheng-wei, Jiang Wen-zhong, Zhou Xiao School of Materials Science and Technology, Shanghai University, Shanghai(200072), China axingwenzhu@shu.edu.cn Keywords: lead-free; PTCR; (1-x)KNbO3-xBaGeO3; phase transition point Abstract. (1-x)KNbO3-xBaGeO3 based PTCR ceramic materials are prepared using high purity K2CO3, Nb2O5, GeO2, Al2O3 and BaCO3 powders as starting materials, and the structural and electrical properties have been investigated.
However ,BT-BNT based PTCR ceramic materials are encountering some problems in the practical use.
It is interesting that for the Ba doped sample the resistivity anomaly is almost same as that of the BaTiO3 based PTCR materials, moreover, the temperature coefficient αk (over 20%) is bigger than that of most PTCR materials in used.
The mechanism of the PTCR effect in this materials seems different from the Heywang Model.
Chan: Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 80[7] (2005), p. 1531-1534 [4] Gomah-Pettry, Jean-Richard, Senda Said, Pascal Marchet and Jean-Pierre Mercurio, “Sodium- bismuth titanate based lead-free ferroelectric materials”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 24, issue 6, 1165-1169, 2004 [5] Hiroaki Takeda, Wataru Aoto and Tadashi Shiosaki: Applied Physics Letters, 87[10] (2005), p. 102-104 [6] F.Jona and G.

The practioner should select biomimetic materials with similar Young's modulus of enamel in treatment, ensuring the strength, stiffness and stability of the filling materials.
It indicates that choosing materials for filling deep caries need to be considered the bond strength and protect dental pulp as well.
Journal of Modern Stomatology, 2008,22(3):289-291 [2] Peng Bin, dental restoration [M].Wuhan: Science and Technology Press.2003:17-20
Science and Technology Press, 2012, 47(6):340-344
Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.2011, 4: 515-522 [12] Zhao W, Wang YZ, Hong HL, Chen Z, Fan MW, Yu SF.

Dussault, et al., Texturising and structurising mechanisms of carbon nanofilaments during growth, Journal of Materials Chemistry. 17(2007) 4611–4618
Journal of Materials Science. 57(2022)3923–3953
Andrews, “Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties, and applications,” Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 26(2001) 145–249
Popov "Carbon nanotubes: properties and application" Materials Science and Engineering R. 43(2004)61–102
Harris “Carbon nanotubes science Synthesis, properties and applications”, A Journal of German Chemical society. 10(2010)

Journal of Manufacturing Process.2002.(4)97~ 108 [5] Z.J.Szabo.
E.DittrichJournal of Materials Processing Technology.1996(60):67~72 [6] T.F.Stanistreet.J.M.Allwood.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 1996(60): 67~72 [7] Hiroshi Utsunomiya, Yoshihiro Saito.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2006.(177)630~633 [8] Guo Liang-gang, Yang He.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2002:619~625 [10] Hua Lin.

Confirmation of the material parameter of creep constitutive equations Creep mechanical test is processed on Aluminum 2124-T851 to confirm its creep material parameter.
International Journal of Mechan2ical Sciences ,2006. 48 (6) :6212-6218 [3] K.C.
International Journal of Plasticity 20 (2004) 733–751 [4] GanZhong, Zhang Haiyan, Wang Tianxiu.
Research on Application of Creep Constitutive Model in Age-forming Simulation[J]，Journal of System Simulation 2009,20(21): 6647-6649 [5] Huang Xia, ZengYuansong, Huang Shuo.Experimental research on the creep age forming for aluminium alloy 2324 [J],JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY ENGINEERIN G 2009,16(3):136-139 [6] Huang Ling, Wan Min, HuangShuo.
Research on springback compensation of mold surfacefor age forming of integral panel [J]，JOURNAL OF PLASTICITY ENGINEERIN G 2010,17(5): 15-18

It is difficult to directly spray dry sugar-rich materials because they tends to stick to the walls of the dryer [33, 34].
Journal of Dairy Science, 1945. 28(12): p. 879-886
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013. 96(8): p. 4899-4911
Journal of Food Science, 1991b. 56(1): p. 38-43
F.M., Effect of encapsulating materials on water sorption, glass transition and stability of juice from immature acerola.