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Fiber volume fraction, Vf, as a key element in micromechanics, describes the density of fibers within matrix of composite materials.
Strain Invariant Failure Criteria for Polymers in Composite Materials, AIAA-20011184 (2001) [9] Gosse J.
Part 1: Damage Initiation in Composite Materials, 6th Composite Durability Workshop (CDW-6), Tokyo, Japan, November 1415, 2002
An Evaluation of Failure Criteria for Matrix Induced Failure in Composite Materials, Composite Structures, Vol. 57 (2002), pp. 385 - 391
Application of a First Invariant Strain Criterion for Matrix Failure in Composite Materials, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 37, No. 22 (2003), pp. 1977 - 1998

Journal of Wu Han University of Technology, 2004, 26(11): 5-7
Material Engineering, 2007, 5: 11-18
Composites Science and Technology, 2006, 66: 475-486
An indirect method based on fretting tests to characterize the elastic properties of materials: Application to an epoxy resin RTM6 under variable temperature conditions [J].
Composites Science and Technology, 2008, 68: 2125–2133

Rheoforging of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Guo Hong-Min1,a and Yang Xiang-Jie2,b 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330031, P.
The test materials are commercial wrought aluminum alloys such as 2024, 6082 and 7075, the liquidus are 638, 650 and 635°C, respectively, determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
Zhu for their help with the experiments and for the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50474007), the Science and Technology Supporting Project of Jiangxi Province 2007, and the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province (Grant No.
Katgerman: Progress in materials Science, Vol. 49 (2004), p. 629
Kang: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 105 (2000), p.269 [13] D.

Bizzotto 1 1 Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 2 Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Technical University of Ostrava, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic Keywords: Cu interconnects, self-annealing, organic additives, abnormal grain growth.
This initial stage may be viewed as the analogue of the recovery stage during annealing of deformed materials.
Assuming that in untransformed grain areas stage I recovery continues during self-annealing, a law of mixtures can be proposed for the normalized resistivity, ρn, similar to the approaches taken to separate recovery and recrystallization during softening of deformed materials [11], i.e.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 5 (t-ti)/d0 3 0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 Fraction Transformed 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 54 nm 82 nm 106 nm model 0.0003 Figure 2: Fraction transformed as a function of normalized time.
Acknowledgement This work has been supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and grant No. 101/03/P165 of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic.

Mild steel is used as the energy dissipation ring material, which is an elastic-plastic material with good performance, can sustain hundreds of times’ back and forth when the plastic strain is dozens times of the yield strain; has full back and forth hysteretic curve in the plastic phase with good energy dissipation effect [2]; it can be designed into a various types of seismic reducers with different simple structures and high energy dissipation capacity.
Of which the friction coefficient is determined by the selected friction material; in device operation process, the friction remain constant.
The energy consumption ring is made of mild steel material, the material elastic modulus E =2.1 GPa, Poisson’s ratio μ= 0.3, material density Dens = 7.8 kg/m3, yield stress σm =290 MPa, material stress-strain relationship choose classical bilinear kinematic intensifying model (BKIN), select 8-node tetrahedron three-dimensional solid element SOLID45 unit, use sweep mesh division (VSWEEP command) for mesh division, see Figure 4 for mesh and modeling; impose surface constraint on baffle contact side, impose displacement load X,Y direction on the intermediate node of core column contact side surface and calculate by non-linear finite element approach.
Acknowledgements Fund Project: Education Department of Anhui Province Natural Science Research Key Project, No: KJ2008A090.
References [1] W.Huang,G.D.Feng,andM.Q.Wang:Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting.Vol. 27 (2005), p.50-56（In Chinese） [2] J.C.Zhang,Q.ALi,and L.F.Zhao:Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting.Vol.30 (2008), p.10-14（In Chinese） [3] Q.A.Guan:Journal of Mecha- nical Strength.Vol.26 (2006), p.833-838（In Chinese） [4] W.Peng,B.H.Bai:Journal of Experimental Mechanics.Vol.19 (2004), p.342-345（In Chinese） [5] Whittaker A,Bertero V V,Alonso J: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Universityof Califonia,Berkeley, CA, 1989 [6] Y.Zhou,J.Liu:Eorld Information on Earthquake Engineering.Vol.11 (1996), p.1-7（In Chinese） [7] H.

It is a set of material and physical properties.
Emergence, Vol. 1 (1999),p.10-38 [2] Chen Yu, Complex Adaptive System (CAS) theory and its application - the origin, content and Revelation . the Journal of system disputatious science Vol.4(2001) ,p.35-39 [3] Xu Zhi, in: System Science.
Shanghai Science and Technology Education Press(2000 ) [4] Senge, P.M. , in: The Fifth Discipline.
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Degradation of Porosity and Enhanced Critical Current Density in MgB2 with a Toluene-treatment Boron Powder Xifeng Pan1, a, Guo Yan2, b, Xianghong Liu2, c, Yong Feng2,c,*, Pingxiang Zhang2,c, Yong Zhao1, d, Akiyoshi Mastumoto3,e and Hiroshi Kumakura3,e 1Key Laboratory of Magnetic Levitation Technologies and Maglev Trains, Superconductivity and New energy R&D Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China 2National engineering laboratory for superconducting materials, Western Superconducting Technologies Co.
Ltd, Xi’an, 710018, China 3National Institute for Materials Science, Superconducting Materials Center, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan arui_min@yahoo.com.cn, bgyan@c-wst.com, cyfeng@c-wst.com, dyzhao@swjtu.edu.cn, eKumakura.Hiroaki@nims.go.jp, *corresponding author Keywords: MgB2, Critical current density, Flux pinning, Porosity.
Experimental detail Bulk MgB2 with raw materials of Mg (99%, 1 μm) and amorphous B (99%, 200 nm) powder was prepared by in-situ solid-state reaction process at ambient pressure.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the financial support of the General Financial Grant from the China Postdoctoral Science and Foundation (No.2012M512039), the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 50877067, the National Basic Research Program of China (973) under Grant No. 2011CBA01004), the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program (No.2011GB112001).
Zhou, Experimental Study on the Phase Formation for the Mg-B System in Ar Atmosphere, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 437 (2007) 298–301

D In this paper, Considering some parameters such as material, dimension, flux of fuel and shape of thermal conductive tunnel for micro-combustor, some simulation models such as thermal transfer, combustion for micro-combustor were built up, and some simulation results were got.
The cover material of the heat exchange room is Cu.
In the simulation model, the material on the top of micro combustor is Cu and the other part is quartz.
Material of combustor is Cu.
[3] Wang hua-jun, Han gang : Solar energy, 2002(6):17－19 [4] Song Ruiyin, Li Wei, Yang Canjun.: Nongye Jixie Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2006(6):184-188 [5] Song Ruiyin, Li Wei, Yang Canjun.: Acta Energaie Solaris Sinica , 2006(6): 554-558 [6] Zhang Yongsheng, Zhou Junhu, Yang Weijuan: Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science) 2006 (7): 1178-1182 0 200 400 600 800 1000 61 92 122 183 244 Flux of hydrogen(ml/min) O u tp u t p o w er ( m W ) 2 1 Fig. 9 Output power curve with flux of hydrogen Fig. 8 Curves of max output power Fig. 10 Temperature curve of two combustors 0 200 400 600 800 122 183 244 306 367 Flux of hydrogen(ml/min) T e m pe r a tu r e (℃ ） 1 2

Introduction Liquid xenon (LXe) is an attractive material as radiation detector medium due to its high atomic number (54) and high density ( 3 g/cm3), which makes it very efficient to stop penetrating radiation [1].
To be a scintillator material, LXe not only provides high stopping power benefit in a single large and homogeneous volume, but also gives a fast decay time of the scintillation signal.
A purification circuit equipped with a plate heat exchanger, an oil-free membrane pump, a flow controller, and a getter, is used to purify the xenon, since the xenon is required to be as pure as possible to prevent charge carriers capture by electronegative impurities (H2O, O2) released by construction materials into the liquid [6].
Duval et al.: Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 4 (2009), p. 12008
Gevin et al.: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record Vol. 1 (2005), p. 433

These methods have caused many chemical raw materials waste, some secondary reuse still can cause pollution to the environment.
Materials The raw material is grain of waste tire, and put them into the drying cabinet for 24h in 105℃ in order to remove the surface and inside water of grain.
East china university of science and technology (natural science edition). 2005,31(5):567~570 (in Chinese) [4].
Huazhong University of Science and Technology.Wuhan,2009.
Kinetic modeling of biomass pyrolysis[J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1997, 42(1): 73-87