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Reller3,f 1 Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei no.202, 060021 Bucharest, Roumania 2 Institute of Atomic Physics, National Institute for Material Physics, P.O.Box MG-7, R-76900, Bucharest, Romania 3 Solid State Chemistry, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany a luminita_patron@yahoo.com, bcarp@acodarom.ro, cimindru@yahoo.com, d gabriela_marinescu02@yahoo.com, ediamand@infim.ro, darmin.reller@physik.uni-augsburg.de Keywords: iron garnet, polynuclear coordination precursor.
A similar heating treatment applied to the gluconate precursor (fig. 3(b)) leads to the synthesis at 800 ºC of the Y3Fe5O12, with cubic structure as prevailing phase, accompanied by small amounts of YFeO3 with orthorhombic structure.
IR spectra of the (a) (NH4)6[Y3Fe5(C4O5H4)6(C4O5H3)6]·12H2O and (b) (NH4)6[Y3Fe5(C6O7H10)6(C6O7H9)6]·8H2O compounds. temperatures higher than 800 ºC, (900 ºC/3h and 1000 ºC/3h) a single phase product, namely Y3Fe5O12 with cubic structure is formed.
The formation of the garnet structure is dependent on the heating rate of calcinations treatments.

Jakarta Indonesia 2Dept of Chemistry.
For analyzing structures, BHF and Fe3O4 powder were tested using Panalytical X-ray diffractometer (XRD) using CuKa radiation (wavelength λ =1.5418 Å) in the range of 2θ = 20 – 80°.
XRD pattern of barium hexaferrite (BHF) indicates that all of intensities are the diffraction peaks of BaFe12O19 structure which refer to International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) No. 98-015-7056.
XRD pattern of BHF proved that the precursor of stoichiometric mixtures of BaCO3 and Fe2O3 has successfully formed BaFe12O19 single phase and polycrystalline structure after sintering at 1100 oC for 5 hours.
Materials Chemistry and Physics 139 (2013) 66-72

The angle of the peak of (003) indicated large distance between inter layer[17], the d003 was about two times as much as d006, suggesting a favorable layer structure[18,19].
Because the layer structure of Mg-Fe-HTLCs was destroyed after restoring at 500°C, the endothermic reaction would be happened due to restoring the original structure of the materials through adsorption of sulfate ions.
Structure and bonding. 119(2006)1-87
Materials Chemistry. 3 (1993) 883-888
Materials Chemistry. 18(2006), 2567-2576

However, complex substitution and interstitial Cu atoms make the crystal structures of Cu3.21Bi4.79S9 highly complex and disordered [8], hence, better TE properties are expected for this material.
Kanatzidis, Chapter 3 The role of solid-state chemistry in the discovery of new thermoelectric materials, in: M.T.
Ohmasa, The crystal structure of Cu2+xBi6-xS9 (x = 1.21), M.
Li, Enhanced thermoelectric properties of bismuth sulfide polycrystals prepared by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 181 (2008) 3278-3282
Cava, Structures and thermoelectric properties of the infinitely adaptive series (Bi 2) m (Bi 2 Te 3) n, Physical Review B, 75 (2007) 195203

For ilmenite ores and leached ilmenite residue as in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b), the diffraction fingerprints of these materials were identical patterns with FeTiO3 structure corresponding to ilmenite phase [JCPDS 01-073-1255].
However, diffraction peaks located at 2θ = 27.5º and 36.2º corresponded to rutile structure in plane (110) and (101), respectively [JCPDS 01-075-1755].
The raw ores of ilmenite and leucoxene appeared in fine and coarse powder liked irregular structure with various particle size and dimension as depicted in Fig. 2(a) and 2(c).
Mackey: Acid Leaching of Ilmenite Into Synthetic Rutile, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, 13; 1974 [8] G.K.
Anatolia, Decomposition of Ilmenite in Hydrochloric Acid to Obtain High Grade Titanium Dioxide, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2013; 25(12) : 6791-6794

These structures are formed through template-assisted self-assembly, in which self-assembled organic material form the structural scaffolding for the deposition of inorganic material.
They are hierarchically structured composites in which soft organic materials are organized on length scales of 1 to 100 nm and used as frameworks for specifically oriented and shaped inorganic crystals.
Second, the nucleation and growth of inorganic materials is controlled in specific sites by the orienting and shaping action of the assembled organic template, and finally, inorganic minerals of higher order structures are consequently prepared [11].
The biominerals, such as sea shells, teeth and insect exoskeletons, have the same composition and structure as the stones’.
Most importantly, nature's way of mineralization uses environmentally balanced aqueous solution chemistries at temperatures below 100 ℃.

The present objective was to create a data base for the viscosity of high titanium slag with low basicity, so that a suitable viscosity model can be formulated in order to optimize the titanium slag with a wide range of temperature and slag chemistry.
The more complex the Si-O structure, the greater the viscosity.
The size of Si-O ionic group is determined by O/Si ratio, and it is of the simplest structure with O/Si=4.
And Ti4+ is not same as Si4+ which tends to form complex anion group, it contributes to the simpler structure of Si-O ionic group with consequent decrease in the viscosity.
Acta Physical Chemistry Sinica Vol. 17 (2001), p. 845 [3] FU Gui-qin, JU Hong-xing, XUE Xun, et al.

The morphology and crystal structure were investigated by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and X-ray Energy Dispersive analysis in a JEOL-JSM 7500F microscope.
The diffraction peaks in Fig. 1 can be indexed to the known hexagonal wurtzite structure according to the ZnO file (JCPDS 36-1451).
Vijayamohanan, ZnO multipods, submicron wires, and spherical structures and their unique field emission behavior, J.
Torardi, State chemistry and luminescence of X-ray phosphor, J.
Weimar, Metal Oxides: Chemistry and Application, Taylor & Francis Group, Florida, USA (2006).

However, there is a great need to improve the mechanical strength of the coatings, the hydrophobicity and the chemistry of bonding to the underlying materials.
The original biological surfaces were often found to have roughness structures on several scales, typically with features of several micrometers with nanometer sized roughness too.
According to Rosenhahn et al., the dimensions of fouling organisms during their settling stages of cells, spores, or larvae are typically 1−100 μm, but the recognition of surface cues through the relevant sensory structures probably occurs at much smaller length scales μm, nm, or even the molecular level [2].Surfaces with different textured structures could cause water-repellency, and were considered to be anti-adhesive [3].
Accordingly, in this investigation, fluorinated polyurethane was used to improve the chemistry of bonding to the underlying materials, nano-ZnO to improve mechanical property by nano-scale effect, fouling-release property of the coatings by form micro- and nano-scale hierarchical roughness surface.
Air can be trapped in grooves or interstices on such surfaces when above-mentioned hierarchical micro-and nano-structure rough surfaces are coated with fluorinated polyurethane.

However, a few works based on the ZnO/graphene composite thin film have been reported and that’s the objective of this study to investigate the structure and optical characteristic of such a composite film.
Crystalline structure of the prepared samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique where the patterns recorded by a PW1800 Philips diffractometer using Cu-Kα radiation.
Tauc, Optical properties and electronic structure of amorphous Ge and Si.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 130 (2011) 598-602
Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20 (2010) 7386-7392