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Examples of the structure span from civil engineering [1], to mechanical equipment including various bogie components [2].
Acknowledgement This research was supported by a grant(13SCIPA01) from Smart Civil Infrastructure Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(MOLIT) of Korea government and Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA).

Design of the Pressurized Tepula Channel LAMRI Ahmed Amine1, a 1Department of Civil Engineering and Hydraulic, University Mohamed Khider, Biskra, Algeria aemail: lamriahmedamine@gmail.com Keywords: Uniform Flow; Tepula Channel; Explicit Solution Abstract.
Civil Eng., Vol.11, 133-156

However ,《Design of civil buildings 》 in China has set rules: The endurance life for important buildings and the main structure of high-rise buildings is 100 years, the general building for 50-100.
The building also can prolong life through the inspection, appraisal and reinforcement transformation. 2.2 Working life of the building 《Design of civil buildings 》in China has set rules: There is the same corresponding relationship between structure and working life.
Although the relevant developers had been revoked business license, but it still existed on the civil liability. 4.3.2 Put value on building life and strengthen construction quality monitoring The average life of British building is 132 years, which can be attributed to NHBC.
At present, China's building quality monitoring mainly still stay on the current situation monitoring of the building, and less concerned about the quality surveillance of the residence. 4.3.3 Strengthen the supervision of government departments for engineering construction Management mode should change the past administrative command for laws and regulations.
Facts showed that some practice, damage to engineering quality, such as violation of construction procedures, bidding in, triangular debts, and improperly shorten the construction period, were caused by some local party and government department leaders.

[7] BS 1377-2, Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes: Part 2.
Adjovi, 'physical Characterization of Laterite for the Formulation of Structural Concrete,' open journal of civil engineering, (2023), 13, pp. 411-426 [9] S.
Ogbo, 'A computational assessment of the deflection and shear improvement of concrete beam impregnated with laterite,' Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, (2022) [13] O.
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, (2012) [14] F.
T,“A Review of the Properties of Laterite Concrete,”International journal of civil and structural engineering,vol. 5, no.2, (2014)

Fatigue Life Prediction of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams under Repeated Loads Li Songa and Zhiwu Yub School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Central South University, 22 Shaoshan South Road, Changsha 410075, China asonglisong2002@126.com, bzhwyu@mail.csu.edu.cn Keywords: fatigue life; prediction; corroded reinforced concrete beam; repeated loads Abstract.
Structural engineers are faced with the challenge of assessment the vulnerability of such deteriorated structures and predict the service life.
Gambarova: submitted to Journal of Structural Engineering (2004) [2] W.
Sun: submitted to Journal of civil Engineering (2007) (In Chinese) [3] H.C.

Nonlinear FEM and Control Method for Super-Long Span Three Main Trusses and Three Cable Planes Railway Cable-Stayed Bridge Zhishuo Yang1,2, a,Meixin Ye1, b, Yanqun Zhou1, c and Li Ou1, d 1College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410075, China 2 College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Putian University,Putian,Fujian,351100,China ayzs21@qq.com, b584067420@qq.com, c645571279@qq.com, d1270232089@qq.com Keywords: Cable stayed bridge with three cable planes, Long span, Geometrically nonlinear, Finite element method, Structural analysis, Secondary development of ANSYS using APDL, Construction control.
For the beam-column element, the engineering beam theory is employed and no shear strain is considered.
Virlogeux: Engineering Structures .Vol.21(1999), p.737–755 [2] Haizhu Xiao, Wei Xu, Zongyu Gao:Bridge Construction.Vol. 5(2009), p. 6–8 (in Chinese) [3] P.

Finite Element Numerical Simulation Analysis on Strengthening High Gravity Abutment Using Carbon Fiber Sheet Zong-lin Wang a, Li-hui Qin b School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China awangzonglin@vip.163.com, bqinlh1977@163.com Key words: Gravity abutment; Carbon fiber sheet; Strengthen; finite element Abstract.
Green Mark,“Punching Behaviour of Composite Bridge Decks Transversely Prestressed with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tendons”,Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 26(5) (1999), p.618-630
Structural Engineer, 81(5) (2003): p.17-19
Shrive Nigel, “Flexural Strengthening of Precast Reinforced Concrete Bridge Girders Using Bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strips or External Port-Tensioning”, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 31(3) (2004), p.499-512

Finite Element Analysis of Earthquake Resistance Behaviors of T-shaped Concrete-filled Rectangular Composite Steel Tubular Columns Jun Huang1, 2, a, Yichao Zhang 2, b, Shaobin Dai 1, c 1 Design & Research Institute of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070 2 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070 ahj@whut.edu.cn, bwhutyichao@163.com, cdsb123@whut.edu.cn Keywords: T-shaped concrete-filled rectangular composite steel tubular column; earthquake resistance behaviors; nonlinear finite element analysis Abstract.
Acknowledgements The project supported by Hubei Key Laboratory of Roadway Bridge and Structure Engineering (Wuhan University of Technology)（No.
Civil engineering journal.2009,42(6): 14-21
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1998. 124(8):892-900

Except for the applications in building design, BIM is also applied in research of "Green Building" and the study of "The engineering project cost accounting" ,as the latest research in China[4].
It's not hard for Chinese engineers to master the technology of BIM, but it's really hard to Implement BIM in the entire industrial chain, because of the resistances that hamper the use of BIM in China .
Opportunities and Challenges of BIM Implementation: Current Practice in Hong Kong"3th Journal of Information Technology in Civil Engineering and Architecture.2010 [2] Zhiliang Ma (2010)."
Computer Realization of Pre-Evaluation System on Green Building" 1th Journal of Information Technology in Civil Engineering and Architecture , 2011 [5] http://www.chinabim.com [5] Anonymous (2009) "China's First Research Report on The Investigation of BIM" 18th Information of China Construction,2009

Research On The Risk Entropy Model Of Water Supply Systems Based On Entropy Theory LU Ren-qiang Department of Civil Engineering and Construction Management, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China lrq150@163.com Keywords: entropy theory; water supply systems; risk entropy; model Abstract: According to the uncertainty characteristics of water supply systems when it suffered by the threats, the entropy function was introduced into water supply systems for the risk assessment studies, and the risk entropy model of water supply systems was proposed.
Stewart, “Risk assessment for civil engineering facilities: critical overview and discussion,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 80, 2003, pp: 173-184