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It is also possible to increase the plasticity due to a reduction of internal stresses induced by plastic deformation [10].
The data of X-ray diffraction analysis (table 1) show that due to ultrasonic treatment the internal stresses of NC nickel were reduced.
Data of X-ray diffraction analysis of nickel after HPT and ultrasonic treatment with different amplitudes.
The main effect is the internal stresses reduction.
Reduction of the distortion and excess energy of grain boundaries supresses the grain growth.

X’Pert HighScore Plus software was used to match the corresponding peaks with the standards from the International Committee of Diffraction Data (ICDD) X-ray data file.
In this region, reduction process is the initial reaction that take place on the sample at the beginning of potentiodynamic polarization testing andattributes the oxygen reduction reaction as reported in previous study [6].
Cathodic reduction is initially dominated by the dissolve oxygen reduction reaction which is caused by diffusion of oxygen in the NaCl salt solution towards the surface of the solder.

These hypothesis can be used in order to explain in a relatively good manner the production of the strong recrystallization cube {100}<001> texture obtained after cold rolling to high reduction level.
In OFE (Oxygen Free Electronic) copper, Necker et al. [5] have experimentally displayed the fact that this orientation dominates completely the recrystallization texture and microstructure for a level of reduction equal or higher than 90 %.
Experimental details The copper classified as Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) has been first industrially hot rolled and wire-drawn to ∆=38 % (reduction in the surface, diameter after reduction d=6.3 mm).
It corresponds to more than 2.000.000 points per state, hence we suppose that a good statistic is obtained from these data.
Quantitatively, the volume fraction of the <100> and <111> oriented grains in the recrystallized state are comparable for the experimental data and after calculation (respectively, Vx=0.18 and Vx=0.21 for the experimental recrystallized state and Vx=0.15 and Vx=0.24 after selection of these special deformed areas and twinning simulation).

Finally, the loading capacity of A1, A2, A3 and A4 and the size of synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs were investigated using UV/Vis data and the corresponding calibration curve.
A multitude of chemical reduction methods have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles from silver salts.
However, even in the syntheses using those polymers, either the reduction reaction was carried out in organic solvents or polydisperse nanoparticles were produced.
After 20 minutes the color of HAuCl4 solution changed from clear pale yellow to red concerning the reduction of the gold nanoparticles and trapping by PCA-PEG-PCA copolymers.
But according to the UV/visible data, the size of encapsulated silver nanoparticles is a week function of these two parameters.

As a result of the optimized workflow, it is possible to foresee a 5% reduction in design time and a 23% reduction in execution time. 1.
Thus, the buildings will have solar panels to generate renewable energy and contribute to CO2 reduction.
Secondly, the BIM elements make the participants handle the same data simultaneously and help to have a detailed graphical representation of the project to detect incompatibilities in the project’s initial phase.
Then, together with this optimization proposal under VDC collaborative management, we have a time reduction ratio of 5% in the design and 23% in the execution of sanitary installations. 5.

We have demonstrated continuous improvement in uniformity for thickness and doping, as well as in defect reduction in standard epitaxy on 100 mm wafers.
Furthermore, technical progress is anticipated in the development of wafer quality and wafer diameter expansion with a parallel reduction in cost.
A step change in defect density reduction on 30 µm thick epilayers was also reached.
The focus was to maintain uniformity data of the individual layers in combination with formation of sharp interfaces by avoiding memory effects from previous layer growth.
These data suggest a high quality crystal with a small degree of residual lattice strain.

Then the indexer can create index of the collected information and store the data in the indexed database.
Word Processing and Filter Approaches: All the public opinion data collected is non-structured data and its contents belong to the category of natural language, which makes the computer hard to understand the semantic meaning.
Therefore the preprocessing step is quite necessary to transform the non-structured data into structured or semi-structured data.
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2007,7(4):373-397
Clustering Text Data Streams[J].

Previous studies [2,3] proved the reduction in drying shrinkage of limestone concrete but in those studies are not yet clear the mechanism that affect this reduction.
This paper deals with the volume change of limestone itself and it is thought that this could be a reason of the reduction in drying shrinkage of concrete.
The gauge was attached to a data logger equipment which was measuring its volume change.
The reduction of the drying shrinkage in concrete made with limestone was possibly caused by the volume change of aggregate.

Generally, it is believed that the interaction between the chains and substrate enhances with decreasing film thickness, leading to the reduction of mobility of the chain molecules, thus, the crystal growth rates derease.
For the films thinner than 6nm, the reduction of the growth rate with decreasing film thickness became more obvious, and the size of the dendritic crystal had changed, as shown in Fig. 1b.
The diffusion length of chains from the melt to the crystal growth front increases, leading to the reduction of the diffusion rate, further resulting in the decrease of the crystal growth rate, which is the reason for the foregoing non-linear increase of lamellar surfaces.
The full line represents a fit of equation (1) to the measured data[14].
For the films thicker than the crystal thickness, the growth rate is controlled by the common nucleation mechanism, the decrease of the growth rate is attributed to the reduction of the film thickness.

A significant landmark towards the realization of SiC MOSFET has been the incorporation of nitrogen via post-oxidation anneals [1], which yields an order of magnitude reduction of electrically active defects at the complex 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface and a significant increase in inversion channel mobility (µinv).
Poggi et al. [3] have observed reduction of interface trap density with nitrogen implantation of the SiC surface.
All data analyses were accomplished using the commercial software package CasaXPS, version 2.2.14, supplied by Casa Software Ltd. 4.
Figure 6 quantifies the reduction in threshold voltage correlated with the increase in inversion channel mobility.
We observe that improvement in inversion channel mobility is accompanied by reduction in threshold voltage.