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In 1970 Smith et. al. [7] proposed that, for any mean load, a certain function of fatigue life g(Nf) is in agreement with the product between the maximum stress and the strain amplitude: (5) For the particular case of sm = 0 the product in Eq. 5 can be written as smax×ea = sar×ear which, for uniaxial case ear=sar/E, becomes smax×ea = sar2/E.
El Haddad, T.
Heuler, et al.

Schmuki et al [8] have described the different synthesis methods and applications of TiO2 nanotube arrays in detail.
Among the different synthesis methods, electrochemical anodization has been widely used due to its simplicity, low cost and ease of morphology controlling since Zwling et al [9] first put forward the process in 1999.
El-Sayed, Electrochemical Fabrication of Strontium-Doped TiO2 Nanotube Array Electrodes and Investigation of Their Photoelectrochemical Properties, J.

Subsequently many other European islands like Pellworm (Germany), Aeroe (Denmark), El Hierro (Spain), Gotland (Sweden), Hiumaa (Estonia), Lemnos (Greece), Achill (Ireland), and Ithaka (Greece) have shown an interest in using more renewable energy resources.
Shokooh, et al.: Intelligent Load Shedding.
Mahat, et al.: Underfrequency Load Shedding for an Islanded Distribution System With Distributed Generators.

Space Sci, 2006, 26(Supp): 30-41 [2]LU Yu, ZHANG Wenzhao, QU Jinlu, el al, Observation constraints of the hard X-ray modulation telescope HXMT, Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, Science China Vol. 53(2010), p.31-35 [3]LI Ti-Pei, WU Mei.
Agarwal, et al.

Aymerich2, d 1 Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al.
[10] Hu, H F, et al.
[19] Bentahar, M. and Marec, A. and El Guerjouma, R. and Thomas,J.H.

The alumina Al2O3, which occurs at dehydrating Al(OH)3 hydrargillite interacts with CaSO4 and CaO at 700 – 800 °C [4].
On the other hand, the hydration of C6A4MS slowed down as compared to CA is due to the presence of less active [(Al, Mg)O4], [SiO4] in the structure.
El Sokkary, H.H.

Kotkata et al. [22] have obtained the morphological transition from ZB to WZ at 325-4500C for CdSe NPs experimentally.
The parameter set published Benkabou et al. [20] is used in our calculations.
El Haj Hassan, Comput.

Based on research that has been carried out by Piccirilo et al. (2014), Ag3PO4 semiconductor can be synthesized by reacting silver nitrate (AgNO3) with hydroxyapatite (HAp).
Research from Piccirilo et al. (2014) also showed that the synthesis of Ag3PO4 with HAp material from Codfish bones has a good ability to degrade dyes [6].
El Nemr, Health and environmental impacts of dyes: Mini review, Am.

�anoparticle preparation In order to fabricate PVA nanoparticles the method introduced by Holland et al. was used [20].
Al-Shakarchi1, J.S.
El-Kader, Spectroscopic behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) films with different molecular weights after UV irradiation, thermal annealing, and double treatment with UV irradiation and thermal annealing., J.

The probability of failure FP is thus approximated by 1Pr[ ( ) 0] F, LP g= al., 1986) ( )HLFP β−Φ=1, where ξξ π d u u ∫       =Φ ∞− − 2 2 1 exp 2 1 )( is the cumulative probability distribution function.
Crack Crack a a 2L 2W s8 s8 (a) (b) 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 1.0E-03 1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 Guofeng Chen et al.
[4] Grigoriu, M., Saif, M.T.A., El-Borgi, S., Ingraffea, A.: International Journal of Fracture 45 (1990) p.19-34