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Microenvironment of apatite-fiber scaffold affects cell proliferation and resulting cell differentiation Michiyo Honda1, a, Shigeki Izumi1, Nobuyuki Kanzawa1, b, Takahide Tsuchiya1, c and Mamoru Aizawa2, d 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1, Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan,102-8554 2 Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan, 214-8571 a honda-m@sophia.ac.jp, bn-kanza@sophia.ac.jp, ct-tsuchi@sophia.ac.jp, d mamorua@isc.meiji.ac.jp Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, Apatite-fiber scaffold, Cell differentiation, Bone marrow cells Abstract.
Three-dimensional cell culture on scaffold is also the basis of tissue engineering, where cells can grow and multiply into a structure similar to tissue or organs in the living body.
Sections revealed that cells were distributed mainly in the same location on the fibrous scaffold structure (Fig. 1).
To characterize the fine structure of cells in AFS, thin sections were stained with Alexa Fluor 594-labeled phalloidin and observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (Fig. 2).
These results suggest that the three-dimensional structure of AFS affects the process of endochondral ossification of bone marrow cells.

Modification and Scale-Up Process of Citrogypsum to α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate over Sodium Chloride Solution Thanakit Sirimahasal1,b, Yutthana Kalhong1, Lida Simasatitkul1, Siriporn Pranee2 and Samitthichai Seeyangnok1,a 1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand 2Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Thailand asamitthichai.s@sci.kmutnb.ac.th, bthanakitsl@hotmail.com Keywords: Citrogypsum, α-HH, hydrothermal method, acid purification, citric acid Abstract.
There are two different phase in term of structure and morphologies, alpha-form (α) and beta-form (β).
The surface morphologies and structure of particles are determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, Jeol, JSM-6610LV and Oxford, XmaxN 50).
Furthermore, the endothermic peaks of products within 15-60 minutes of reaction time are shifted to higher temperature due to the crystal structure of calcium sulfate is changed from DH to α-HH which confirmed by crystal morphology from plate-like structure to hexagonal in shape (Fig. 4(A) and Fig. 4(B)).
Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge Capacity Building Program for New Researcher 2018 from National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) and Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Graduate College, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand, for their supports in information and operations.

The CO2 in this process serves dual purposes, as a purging gas to remove all the volatile substances and as an activation medium to react with the carbon structures and develop the porosity afterwards.
In addition, the pore structure of the activated carbons was analyzed using the N2 adsorption-desorption at -196oC.
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) classification, the plot for graph shown in Fig. 3 is indicative of Type I isotherm, that corresponds to the microporous materials.
The widening of porosity depends on the extent of CO2 activation process that will further react with carbon structures, and cause external burning of the particles and collapse of the pores, and thus, widen them [9].
Ortiz: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Vol. 48 (2009), p. 7474

SAXS are able to probe structures over a size ranging from approximately 1 nm to several hundred nanometers, which have been applied to characterize materials such as alloys, polymers, silica, amorphous zirconia and so forth [9].
The performance has a close relationship with the structure of nanoparticle.
Results and Discussion Raman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that measures inelastic light-scattering and provides specific spectroscopic fingerprints of molecular structures.
Ce doping induces a little distortion of the anatase TiO2 unit cell, while it remains the anatase crystal structure.
Li, Doctor’s Dissertation, SAXS Method and its Application in Colloid and Mesoporous Material, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2001

Relaxed local geometric structures for Be-decorated DVG (a), Ca-decorated DVG (b), Sr-decorated DVG (c) and Ba-decorated DVG (d), respectively.
The structures thus represent a partially dissociated SO2 molecule forming a stable complex with the AEM atoms.
Specially for SO2 adsorption on Be_DVG, the most stable structure is the S atom pointing toward Be atom.
Li, Synergetic promotion by oxygen doping and Ca decoration on graphene for CO2 selective adsorption, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2019, 21, 5133–5141
Lide, Handbook of chemistry and physics. 2003, 1586-1586

Since the discovery of mesoporous SBA-15 silica, it was found to be a kind of ideal adsorbent due to their attractive features, such as uniform mesoporous structures, high specific surface areas, controlled pore sizes with narrow distributions, well-defined surface properties and a high thermal and hydrothermal stability as compared to other mesoporous systems [3].
Pristine SBA-15 sample (denoted as p-SBA-15) was synthesized according to the procedure reported by Zhao et al [3] using Pluronic 123 triblock polymer as a structure-directing agent and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source.
Characterization The morphologies and the structures of the samples were examined by a JEOL JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The stability of the structure and the pores can be confirmed further by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and the corresponding pore-size distributions measurements (see Fig. 2).
Wall, in: Volume 2 of Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Chapter 1, Edited by Krister Holmberg, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2001).

Specially, for wearable and miniaturized electronics with desired structures for health monitoring and soft robotics, etc.
Accordingly, MXene nanomaterials also adopt three main different structures such as M2XTx, M3X2Tx, and M4X3Tx (see Fig. 1).
The main objectives structures of SVR are to decrease the training errors and minimize the generalized errors to achieve generalized performance.
Barsoum, "On the chemical diversity of the MAX phases," Trends in Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 210-223, 2019
Lomakina, "Support vector machine regression (SVR/LS-SVM)-an alternative to neural networks (ANN) for analytical chemistry?

Controlling of this morphological structure as well as its statistical properties is one of the aims in our work on mathematical modelling of the carbon deposition mechanism presented in this paper.
, smoothness of the function F (t, x) and T, M be the continuum power structures.
The discrete structure of the cellular automation is exhibited both by its spatial structure, being – in our case – the rectangular grid, and time performed as the series of steps or – more strictly speaking – the series of automation state changes.
Finally adopted automaton grid structure and cellular interactions.
Van Kampen, Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1992

Introduction The earlier study on bone structure and its mechanics are conducted by many authors.
Wolff[1]（Springer, Berlin, 1892）based on the Meyer[2] (Wissenschaften in Medicin 27, 1867, 1389-1394) work introduce the bone micro structure matching to the stress track theory.
Soc. 1952, B237, 37-72) introduce a reaction diffusion system and it’s widely used in chemistry and biology [4, 5, 6].
Bone continuously remodeled by bone formation cells (osteoblasts) and resorption cells (osteoclasts) in order to normally balance bone mass and requites alternative changes of the body structure.
Bone formed by its intrinsic gene as will as genetic transcription factors, and then optimizes its whole and local structure under the naturally biomechanical boundary condition.

We also predict a structural phase transition from NaCl to CsCl-type structure.
In the NaCl-type structure and the high pressure phase of these compounds is CsCl-type structure (space group Pm-3m, no. 221).
For a given pressure, a stable structure is the one for which enthalpy has the lowest value and the transition pressure (Pt) is determined at which the enthalpies of two structures are the same.
Sanyal, High pressure behavior of NpSe and NpTe, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 64 (2003), 127-131
Andersen, Electronic Structure of hcp Yettrbium Solid State Commun. 9 (1971) 1763-1790