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Effect of PMMA and Graphene Addition on the Performances of Organic Solar Cells Cheng Fang Ou1,a , Pei Yun Chen2,b 1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung County 411, Taiwan, ROC 2Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung County 411, Taiwan, ROC aoucf@ncut.edu.tw, bzxcv919and3@hotmail.com Keywords: graphene, PMMA, polymer solar cell, power conversion efficiency.
Graphene exhibits a considerable number of new and sometimes mysterious optical and electronic effects that have not been observed in other materials, such as zero-band-gap semi-conductivity with a high carrier mobility, high optical transparency and high tensile strength [5].
References [1]J.Peet, J.Y.Kim, N.E.Coates, W.Ma, D.Moses, A.J.Heeger, G.C.Bazan, Efficiency enhancementin low-band gap polymer solar cells by processing with alkanedithiols, Nature Materials 6 (2007) 497–500
[4]J.Meyer, R.Khalandovsky, P.G. orrn, A.Kahn, MoO3 films spin-coated from a nano particle suspension for efficient hole-injection inorganic electronics, Advanced Materials 23 (2011) 70–73
Kumar, Carbon-based liquid crystals: art and science.

In that paper it was accepted the possibility that the materials used in the modeling this actuator don’t have the same properties of those used or the model it not be done properly. [1] We can conclude that not all models can be submitted to these analysis methods, especially for elastic materials that are non-isotropic composite materials with a nonlinear evolution.
To apply this method we must defining the rubber an isotropic material.
It has an embedded textile wave in the elastic material, like chloroprene.
The material from witch is made, is linear and isotropic elastic rubber.
Sugisaka in: An Application o Finite Element Modeling to Pneumatic Artificial Muscle, edited by American Journal of applied Science 2005, 2rd ed., pp. 1504-1508

Currently, the reinforced concrete with GFRP bars is designed using the principles of Ultimate Limit States, ensuring a sufficient strength (with a design safety factor affecting loading and material strength), determining the failure mode and verify adequate adhesion between the materials.
The general design recommendations for concrete elements reinforced with GFRP bars are based on principles of equilibrium and compatibility and the constitutive laws of the materials.
Elsevier Science.
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“Advanced composite materials on bridges and structures”. 1st Int.

Metallic nanofibers and nanowires in special attract much attention as a candidate material for a novel sensor material, magnetic storage media, magnetic beads and hyperthermia materials.
This anodization method is a useful technique for the synthesis of various nanostructured materials [8-14].
Chang, Nanostructured materials prepared by use of ordered porous alumina membranes, Electrochimica Acta 50 (2005) 2997–3013
Fukuda, Ordered metal nanohole arrays made by a two-step replication of honeycomb structures of anodic alumina, Science 268 (1995) 1466–1468
Kubo, Preparation of Ti with nanoholed TiO2 layer by anodic oxidation for medical applications, Advances in Technology of Materials and Materials Processing Journal (ATM) 9 (2007) 41–44

It is mainly from the oxides of elements in molten iron and scrap steel, the impurities of burden such as limestone, fluorite, silica, and oxidants, the desulphurization products and the erosion of lining materials[1][2].
Li Weifeng, Wang Jing-gang et al have found that the silicate slag phase can be extracted by organic acids [3], Tang Ming Shu and others proved that a certain amount of MgO, FeO, MnO, etc. can solve in silicate phase and iron-aluminate phase while seriously affects the soundness and properties of materials [4].
Experimental 1) Raw materials and test equipments Steel slag was provided by Jinan Iron and Steel Group (Shandong, China), and the chemical compositions of steel slag was shown in Table 1.
Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 1979, 7 (1): 35-46
Advanced materials research, 2011,177: 481-484. 14.

According to triaxial test results, the original soil strength parameters are material No.I in table 1, and the disturbed soil strength parameters are discounted based on the material No.
The soil material still uses material No.
Table 2 is the results by adopting materials No.I, II, III, VI, V, VI, VII in table 1, which drilling depth is 23 meters and dumped-soil load is 60kPa.
Material No.
[3]Rui Wang, Hai-xia Chen, Guang-feng Wang: Journal of Tianjin Polytechnic University.

Financial performance Analysis using meaningful process parameters: technological yields, plant energy saving and materials consummation, manopera, plant investment.
The Financial Performance Analysis was conducted with taking into consideration the materials (technological yields, utilities, plant surface, and auxiliary materials) and human resourses estimated for the sunflower oil plant with improved oil-extraction technology.
Average Materials and Human Resources Input in the improved technology Utility Consummation Caustic(1.5% oil free acidity) 2.45 kg/t Sulfuric acid(1.5% oil free acidity) 3.58 kg/t Bleaching earth 3.58 kg/t Paper filter material 0.18 kg/t Textile filter material 0.19 kg/t Sodium cloride 3.5 kg/t Energy(electricity) 0.080-0.130 MWh/t Steam 120 kg/t Technological Water 109-150 mc/t Plant Surface (including refining) 10 mp /hl Operators (labour input) 0.81 person /hl The dehulling was found as a key processing step due to increasing industrial capacity and further rafinability potential of oilseeds, especially in case of high oil and hulls content seeds.
The improvement of the ecological processing will be based on existing data of energy and materials usage subsequently converted into land-transformation equivalence using the Ecoinvent, [8, 9] and Ademe databases ,[10].
Davis, The smart manufacturing revolution, Manufacturing Executive Leadership Journal, 11, (2010)

Since their specific resistances, coefficients of thermal expansion and melting points are different between steel and the Al-alloy, the resistance spot welding with both materials is not easy.
In the tensile shear test, the reinforcing sheets which have the same thickness of the opposite materials were attached on the both ends of the joint specimen to reduce the effect of bending.
Hirata, Welding and joining technology in government project of research and development on innovative structural materials operated by NEDO and ISMA, Journal of The Japan Welding Society 86 (2017) 6-11
Carlson, Joining of dissimilar materials, CIRP Ann.
Kamakoshi, Microstructure and Fatigue Behaviors of Dissimilar A6061/Galvannealed Steel Joints Fabricated by Friction Stir Spot Welding, Materials 14 (2021) 3877

As the magnetic flux leakage phenomenon, edge effect, soft magnetic materials’ non-linear characteristics of magnetic etc., magnetic circuit analysis has not met the today’s studying.
The materials of rotor and stator are silicon steel, which is a kind of soft magnetic materials.
The material numbers are respectively 3rd and 4th.
Its materials number is 2nd. μ0, the relative permeability, equals 1.
Its material number is 1st.

This feature allows the density of the materials - and hence the physical properties - to be adjusted over a very wide range.
Due to this large structural variability of the foams and the large number of starting materials that can be employed, the foams have an enormous range of properties.
These facts and the advantages of near-net-shape production mean that these materials have a broad range of applications.
Bobyn et al.: Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 86A (2004), p.123-129 [7] K.
Ashby, Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science Vol. 3, (1998), p. 228-303 [15] L.J.