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A thorough understanding of the behavior of materials to single overload would be beneficial for fatigue crack propagation analysis under variable amplitude loading.
Experiment Engineering Materials and Test Specimens.
Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation under Contract No. 00A-09-02-02-2.
Reference [1] ASTM E647-99: Standard test method for measurement of fatigue crack growth rates, Annual book of ASTM standards, Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and materials (1999), pp. 591-630
[2] Elber, W.: The significance of fatigue crack closure, Damage tolerance in aircraft structures, ASTM STP 486, Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials (1971), pp. 230-242

The 3D NonLinear Cementitious 2 material model was selected to govern the gradual evolution of localized damage.
The best strategy is automatically selected to achieve the most accurate results for a wide range of different materials while maintaining reasonable computational demands.
Merta, Quasi-brittle behaviour of composites as a key to generalized understanding of material fracture, Procedia Engineering 190 (2017) 126–133
Černý, Characterization of geopolymers prepared using powdered brick, Journal of Materials Research and Technology 8 (2019) 6253–6261
[5] RILEM TC-50 FMC, Determination of the fracture energy of mortar and concrete by means of three-point bend test on notched beams, Materials & Structures 18 (1985) 285–290

The development of new materials for the effective repair of the skeletal system is an outstanding goal of biomaterials science.
These materials should cover a broad functional spectrum which includes cementitius, structural and bioactive function [2].
To this aim, to prepare new materials with peculiar technological properties, great interest is devoted to the study of the solutions adopted.
Materials and methods Preparation of n-Y/HA particles HA suspension was prepared by a wet chemical reaction of precipitation following the reaction of Aoki [5]. 10 Ca (NO3)2 + 6NH4H2PO4 + NH3·H2O → Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 6NH4NO3 (1) The reactant concentrations are 50mmol/l for the calcium nitrate and for the NH4H2PO4 respectively.
Chen and Y.B Li: Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater Sci Ed.

Numerical Simulation on Influence of Water-cooled Stool in the Process of Unidirectional Solidification LI Xiaodong1,a*, SHEN Minggang2,b,WU Chao3,c 1.2.3 School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning,Anshan114051, China a402610152@qq.com, blnassmg@163.com, c417032886@qq.com Keywords: water-cooled stool; finite element; unidirectional solidification; temperature field; numerical simulation Abstract: To strengthen the bottom cooling is one of the key technologies of directionally solidified ingot process.
Therefore, the inventors open groove or inclination on the insulation material which in the side wall, thereby limiting the reverse curls, strengthens the cooling, and increasing the directional solidification of ingot height, with a relative reduction in the volume.
Calculations involving materials are isotropic; 6.
Metals and Materials International. 2000, (6): 189-194
Journal of Materials Processing Technology.2006, 29-33

Measuring AC losses and critical current of high pressure synthesized MgB2 bulk rings by the transformer method MEEROVICH Victor1, a, SOKOLOVSKY Vladimir1,b, PRIKHNA Tatiana2,c and GAWALEK Wolfgang3,d 1 Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel 2 Institute for Superhard Materials of the National Academy Sciences of Ukraine, 2, Avtozavodskaya Str., Kiev, 04074, Ukraine 3 Institut fur Photonicsche Technologien, Albert-Einstein Strasse 9, Jenna, D-07745, Germany avictorm@bgu.ac.il, bsokolovv@bgu.ac.il , cprikhna@mail.ru, d wolfgang.gawalek@ipht-jena.de Keywords: bulk MgB2 superconductor, AC losses, critical current Abstract.
The recently developed manufacturing technologies use high pressure and various doping additions to prepare bulk MgB2-based materials with high critical current density which achieves a few millions of amps/cm2 in zero magnetic field at 20 K [1,2].
Two types of possible pinning centers exist: Mg-B-O inclusions responsible for the pinning in low magnetic fields and attaining extremely high Jc, and grains of higher borides being effective pinning centers, which in combination with introduced into MgB2 structure carbon allowed attaining high Jc for the bulk MgB2-based materials.
Schultz: Journal of Superconductivity: Incorporating Novel Magnetism, Vol. 15, No. 6, (2002), pp. 599-601 [7] A.
Freyhardt, Deutsche Gesselschaft für Material-Kunde e.

Introduction The precision machining of micro-hole is of great difficulty in the field of hole machining, especially when hard and brittle materials are involved.
All of these difficulties have become the bottle-neck in the field of machining hard and brittle materials.
For its special cutting mechanism, the ultrasonic vibration drill-grinding has aroused many experts’ interests in quest for machining methods of micro holes on the hard-to-machine materials.
In fact, for the small drill head, its material is different from the horn, and its equivalent diameter and mass are usually too small to be taken into account.
Lin: Theory and Design of ultrasonic horns (Science Publishing House, China 1987).

Bulk nanostructured Ni3Al intermetallic and Ni3Al-base alloy Ovcharenko V.E.1,3,a, Psakhye S.G.1,2,b, Boyangin E.N.1,c 1Institute of Strength physics and Materials Science SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia 2National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia 3Yurga Technological Institute branch of Tomsk Polytechnic University, Yurga, Russia aove45@mail.ru, bsp@ispms.tsc.ru, cjeck@ispms.tsc.ru Keywords: intermetallic, SHS, plastic deformation of an SHS product, structural modification, multimodal grain structure, bulk nanostructuring, the temperature dependencies of ultimate stress Abstract.
Materials and methods Ni3Al intermetallic compound was synthesized from Al/Ni powder mixture of stoichiometric component ratio.
Structure and properties of intermetallic materials with nanophase strengthening / Coll.
Journal Powder Met.-1987.
Producing Bulk Ultrafine-Grained Materials by Severe Plastic Deformation.-2006.

Effects of ZrO2 Fiber on the Mechanical Properties of Nano-ZrO2/Al2O3 Ceramic Composite1 Heyi Ge, Jianye Liu, Xianqin Hou, Huashi Liu, and Dongzhi Wang School of Material Science and Engineering University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province, China mse_gehy@ujn.edu.cn Keywords: nano-zirconia, zirconia fiber, Al2O3 ceramic composite, mechanical properties.
At present using phase transformation of ZrO2 particle to toughen ceramic material is an ideal method [2].
Meanwhile, the method of fiber or whisker toughening ceramic material is very effective, which can not only improve material toughness, and in most cases can also improve material strength [3].
Experimental Materials Al2O3 powder (99 type) was supplied by Zhengzhou Smelter Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Guo, “The brittleness problem of ceramic material,” Journal of fudan university, vol. 42 , no. 6, pp. 822-827, July 2003

Second, use the tailings to make a simple processing as building materials (brickmaking for iron tailings) or fill the gob area.
Third, make a finishing and produce high additional value materials.
Forth, make a ecological reconstruction as restoration materials [1].
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the financial support from the Joint Foundation between the National Natural Science Foundation Committee of China and Yunnan Provincial Government (Grant No.U0937602), the National Natural Science Foundation Committee of China (Grant No.51174103).
[3] MacArthur JS, Forrest RW and Forrest W: British Patent 10223.（1888） [4] Elsner,L:Journal fuer Praktische Chemie.Vol.37(1846),p.441 [5] Mills,T,in:An Introduction Study of the Dissolution of Gold and Silverin Cyanide Solution. edtied by Ph.D,University of Melbourne,(1951), in press

These materials are fully mixed at first and then feed into briquetter so we get pellets with certain intensity.
These products can be used as materials for other processes.
Calculation of CO2 emission for materials-RHF procedure.
Fig 2 shows the changes of materials in BF and non-BF process.
Journal of Iron and Steel Research,2008,20(3):1-5