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Field tests  Materials and Methods.
In addition, the initial temperature of the raw material was supposed to be the average air temperature in a day.
Table 7 Main environmental parameters The first day after paved Initial temperature of the raw material [℃] 21 Pouring time 7:00 Highest air temperature [℃] 38 Lowest air temperature [℃] 28 Wind speed [m/s] 1 Solar radiation peak [W/m2] 1000 The second day after paved Initial temperature of the raw material [℃] 28 Pouring time 18 Highest air temperature [℃] 1 Lowest air temperature [℃] 500 Fig.6 Zero-stress temperature gradient in different age of concrete According to Fig.6, zero-stress temperature gradient shows prominently developing process compared with built-in temperature of slab at different ages by the effect of creep.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support for this project (Effects of early-age built-in curling on mechanical behaviors of Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP) under heavy- load vehicles, No.50908056) from National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Roesler, Characterizing effective built-in curling from concrete pavement field measurements, Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE. 131 (2005) 320-327

The material properties used in the FEM showed in Table 1.
The permittivity and polarization-electric field (P-E) characteristics of dielectric layers in MLCCs were measured using 4294A impedance analyzer (Agilent Technology) and Precision LC material analyzer (Radiant Technologies), respectively.
Physical properties of materials used for FEM Dielectrics Ni Coefficient of thermal expansion [10-6/°C] 11 13.7 Elastic modulus [GPa] 108 200 Poisson's ratio 0.25 0.31 0.001 0.002 3.2 0.1 0.1 2.5 0.35 0.35 0.6 1.6 1 2 3 unit : mm Fig. 1.
Paik, Journal of Materials Science, 15, 253 (2004) [5] Jong-Sung Park, S.

In these dynamometers, cutting force measurement is mainly based on elastic deformation of the materials.
Inasaki: JSME International Journal Series C, Vol.34 (1991) No.4, pp.546
Ciftci: Materials & Design, Vol.23 (2002) No.4, pp.355
Korkut: Materials & Design, Vol.24 (2003) No.8, pp.631
Thesis, (Selcuk University, Institute of Science and Technology, Konya, Turkey 1996) [5] D.B.

Numerical simulation using the distinct element method (DEM) could extend the capability of physical experiment methodology since it has advantage in investigating the strain localization and associated micro mechanisms in granular materials such as sands.
Since DEM was firstly proposed by Cundall and Strack [8], a lot of attempts have been made particularly on strain localization analyses of granular materials [9] as well as its application in geotechnical engineering [10,11].
Note that though the coarse sand and fine sand used here do not satisfy the rigorous definition in geotechnical engineering, they are used here only for distinction of coarse and fine materials.
This study was financially supported by China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (Grant No. 51025932), the Research Found of the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20100072110048), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10972158).
Davis: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 109 (1983), p. 190-201 [4] D.J.

The solution treated materials were aging heat treated (STA) by heating to a temperature within the range 500℃ to 620 ℃, holding at heat for the time within the range 4 hours to 20 hours, and cool to room temperature.
As shown in Fig. 3, similar microstructures can be obtained by the same STA treatment processes, though the materials are rolled by different routes.
Change of material selection criterion and development of high damage-tolement titanium alloy.
Chiniese Journal of Rare Metals, 30, (2006) 850-855
Material Science and Engineering A, 243, (1998) 109-118

Observation and Analysis of the Microstructures of IGF Refined Low Carbon Microalloyed Non-tempered Steel Shuhua Wang1, a, Haiou Jing2, b, Le Jin1, c and Yan Xue1, a 1School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China 2School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China awangshuhua868@sina.com, bJinghaiou@sdjzu.edu.cn, cJinle@sdjzu.edu.cn Keywords: Intragranular Ferrite (IGF), Low carbon microalloyed non-tempered steel Abstract.
Shorter intervals and discontinuous cementite flakes help increase both strength and toughness of the material.
The cutting processing performance of the hot-forged non-tempered steel is a major element influencing the material’s application.
Liu: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol.16 (in Chinese) (2010), pp135-139 [2] Z.B.
Huang, etc: Materials Review Vol.18 (8) (in Chinese) (2004), pp50-52 [4] Y.Koyasu, H.Takada, T.Tnkshashi, etc: Setesu Kenk'yu, Vol. 337(1990), pp41-48 [5] S.L.

Introduction A recent trend for the development of new high-efficiency polycrystalline diamond materials points towards the optimization of the sintering technology of diamond bits with double layers, also known as polycrystalline diamond cutters (PDC).
The present study aims to examine the possibility of sintering PDCs using a new method related to the simultaneous sintering of the two layers, having powders as starting materials.
:Science Vol. 208 (1980), p. 872. 2 D.G.
Mendonça: International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials Vol. 21 (3-4) (2003), p. 155. 7 A.L.

Topology optimization is to seek the best loading path in the unlimited topology combinations by changing the amount and location of materials to save the most materials [2].
Select cross section and define material.
Perform Analysis after Creating STAAD File The main function of this step is to pass all required information of truss like geometry of truss, material properties, Support condition, and loading conditions for STAAD software to implement analysis.
Nazarpour, Optimal design of truss structures via an augmented genetic algorithm, Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences. 37 (1) (2013) 56-68

Introduction Most of heterogeneous and anisotropic materials are elastic-brittle solids (such as rock, ceramic and concrete).
But, Wong et al. [3-6] conducted later the experiments on open type of 3-D surface flaw using PMMA, glass and real rock materials including gabbro, sandstone, granite and marble.
Wong (A-PE31, and A-PG46) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China to W.S.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 90(B4) (1985), p.3105-3125 [2] C.K.
Li, 6th European Conference of Fracture Failure Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structrures, Greece, July, (2006), Paper N.264 [6] R.H.C.

To use various materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion.
Composite Materials A.
To replace homogeneous materials with composite ones.
TRIZ Journal, August, 2001
TRIZ Journal, August, 2007