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The corrosion of structure material caused by ocean environment, fatigue damage, crack propagation and material aging arose from environmental fatigue loads will not only decrease the material strength and member resistance but also change their statistic characteristics.
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2004, 126(4):331-336
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 2000, 122(1): 20-32
Beijing: Science Press, 2003

For a designed caster, the reduction rate is determined by material, configuration and size of back-up roll[7].
The Solidification Behavior of Casting Billet Solid-liquid Interface in the Bending Deformation Condition Periodically. doctor's degree thesis, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China, 2007 [4] REN Huai-liang: Microscopic ExaminationTechnology (Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press，Beijing, 1986) [5] MA Chang-wen, SHEN Uou-fa,Huang Tian-you.Fluid Flow and Solute Distribution at Solidification End During Soft Reduction of Continuous Slab Casting: FOUNDRY, Vol.53-12(2004), P1203～1027 [6] LIN Qi-yong, JIANG Huan-jie, ZHU Miao-yong.Analysis of reduction parameters of dynamic soft reduction in continuous casting: Journal of Materials and Metallurgy,Vol. 3-4(2004),P261～265 [7] FENG Ke, CHENG Deng-fu, XU Chu-shao, etc.
Thermal Mechanical Analysis for Real-Time Control of Soft Reduction in Slab Casting: JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEAPCH, Vol.15-2(2003), P9～13 [9] CHANG Yong-lin, LIU Delu, FU Jie, etc.

Callister, Jr., “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction”, 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons.
Kainer, “Metal Matrix Composites, Custom-Made Materials for Automotive and Aerospace Engineering”, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
Lindroos, Materials Science and Engineering A, 246 (1998), 221-34
Yuan, Lian Meng Zhang, Key Engineering Materials, 336-338 (2007) 2344-2346
Poolthong, Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 18[2] (2008) 67-70.

Watanabe, Effect of germanium content on oxidation prevention of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder, Proc. of New Frontiers of Process Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Part 2, (2004) 256-261
Nagano, Reliability of solder joint with Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni-Ge lead-free alloy under heat exposure conditions, Materials Transactions 46 (2005) 2737-2744
Takemoto, Effect of specimen size and aging on tensile properties of Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solders, Materials Transactions 49 (2008) 1175-1179
Otsuka, Isothermal fatigue properties of Sn-Ag-Cu alloy evaluated by micro size specimen, Materials Transactions 46 (2005) 2309-2315
Nagano, Reliability of solder joint with Sn-Ag-Cu-Ni-Ge lead-free alloy under heat exposure conditions, Materials Transactions 46 (2005) 2737-2744.

The method of stochastic analogue [6], based on strict properties of a mathematical model and the effectiveness of its computer simulation, which had been applied to model of blisters in thin bilayers of metal and dielectric [7] and were obtained characteristics of the pores and stresses in materials layers of the mirror, arising as a result of formation of defects [3].
The migration of blisters from a layer to a layer happens accounting the effect of boundary conditions which affects on the concentration of defects in layer materials.
where ma - modulus of rigidity of substrate material, K – modulus of condensability of substrate material, Vsub – volume on atom of substrate material, Vgas – atom volume of irradiating material.
Acknowledgments This study was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (11-01-00282-а), the Department of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (program no. 3).
Zmievskaya: Journal of Surface Investigation.

Rometsch, Predicting the quench sensitivity of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys: A model for linear cooling and strengthening, Materials and Design. 88 (2015) 958-971
Hamana, Structural evolution during non-isothermal ageing of a dilute Al-Cu alloy by dilatometric analysis, Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 474 (2009) 118-123
Degischer, Precipitation in AlCu4.3 and AlCu4Mg alloys studied by dilatometry and calorimetry, Kovove Materialy-Metallic Materials. 49 (2011) 369-374
Foryś, Non-isothermal annealing of aa7075 aluminum alloy - Structural and mechanical effects, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 57 (2012) 703-709
Bouziane, Influence of thermomecaniques treatments on the proprietes of Al-5.8% Zn-2.7% Mg alloy, Materials Sciences and Applications. 3 (2012) 509

Experimental Procedure Materials.
Rahim, Transformation mechanism of magnetite nanoparticles, Materials Science-Poland 33 (2015) 278-285
Ring, Room Temperature Co-Precipitation Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles in a Large pH Window with Different Bases, Materials 6 (2013) 5549-5567
Watanabe, Synthesis of Fine Magnetite Powder Using Reverse Coprecipitation Method and Its Heating Properties by Applying AC Magnetic Field, Materials Research Bulletin 40 (2005) 1126-1135
Chakrabarti, Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Property of Maghemite ( g-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles and Their Protective Coating with Pepsin for Bio-Functionalization, Materials Research Bulletin 70 (2015) 145–154

A pavement is generally categorised by the type of material that is used to construct each of its individual layers.
A bound layer is created by either mixing cement powder, hydraulic road binder or lime with the unbound material [7]
‘Many practitioners feel that the integer programming-model is one of the most important models in management science’ [38].
Atiq, An overview of expert systems in pavement management, European Journal of Scientific Research 30 (2009) 99-111
Riverson, Highway routine maintenance programming at network level, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 114 (1988) 539-554

So, we can obtain information about the raw materials used in pottery making [8].
These materials must permit the application of overlying coatings [32].
Charola, Salts in the deterioration of porous materials: An overview, J.
Abd El-Hady, Durability of decorative stones and other construction materials of Al-Tanbogha Al-Mardany mosque (1340 A.D) 14TH century in Cairo, Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies. 5 (2015) 21-29
Solz, Commercial Vinyl and Acrylic Fill Materials, J.

Hunt: Materials Science and Engineering 65 (1984) 75
Gácsi, Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, CH
Gácsi, Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, CH
Gácsi, Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, CH
Gácsi, Materials Science Forum, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, CH