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Online since: March 2013
Authors: Jun Wei Li
Calculate percentage of each course small rut basin area accounting for total rut basin, and the calculation results are shown in the following Table 2:
Table 2 Rut basin area percentage of each position
Pile number
K11+000
K23+600
K61+320
K72+400
1# cross section
2# cross section
1# cross section
2# cross section
Surface course rut basin area percentage
45.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Middle course rut basin area percentage
45.5%
128.6%
41.2%
144.4%
60.0%
86.7%
Lower course rut basin area percentage
0.0%
0.0%
82.4%
100.0%
45.0%
46.7%
The following conclusions are obtained through analyzing data in Table 2:
(1) Middle course is still the main contribution position of rut for investigated road section rut distress;
(2) Deformation of lower course is also one of the reasons of ruts in the investigated road section;
(3) Implementation of micro-surfacing reduces total rut depth of the investigated road section, and the situation that laminated rut basin area sum is greater than total
Compared with common mixture, on the same bitminous dosage, density reductions of Dolanit AS and GoodRoad are less, but reductions of asbetos fiber and plant fiber are greater.
In this aspect, because the former three fibers are thick and their desities are large, ocuppy corresponding less space, and theire relative specific gravities are heavy, which make less density reduction; while asbetos fiber and plant fiber are loose, have small desities, and capacities of bitminous absorption are large, thus their density reductions are greater. 2.
Bituminous on the fiber surface gets solid, so fiber prevents softening of bituminous under high temperature, makes bituminous thick and reduces the reduction of bituminous stiffness
Compared with common mixture, on the same bitminous dosage, density reductions of Dolanit AS and GoodRoad are less, but reductions of asbetos fiber and plant fiber are greater.
In this aspect, because the former three fibers are thick and their desities are large, ocuppy corresponding less space, and theire relative specific gravities are heavy, which make less density reduction; while asbetos fiber and plant fiber are loose, have small desities, and capacities of bitminous absorption are large, thus their density reductions are greater. 2.
Bituminous on the fiber surface gets solid, so fiber prevents softening of bituminous under high temperature, makes bituminous thick and reduces the reduction of bituminous stiffness
Online since: January 2016
Authors: J. Grabis, I. Šteins, M. Lubāne, Dz. Rašmane
Commonly, the synthesis of B6O includes mechanical milling of boron and B2O3 mixture with subsequent reduction of oxide by boron and formation of the product at 1400 oC under ambient or high pressure for about 6 h.
However, assuming full reduction of ZrO2 by boron and formation of B6O according to equation 14B + ZrO2 = ZrB2 + 2B6O the content of B6O could reach 59 wt.%.
Obviously, a part of B2O3formed by reduction of zirconia had evaporated and high content of ZrB2 hindered crystallization of B6O.
Obviously, boron-oxide compounds formed by reduction of ZrO2 by boron suboxide evaporated at temperature lower that formation temperature of B4C.
The detected Vicker hardness of sample B1 correlates with literature data [8, 9] but a comparatively wide distribution of hardness indicated inhomogeneity of the bulk materials.
However, assuming full reduction of ZrO2 by boron and formation of B6O according to equation 14B + ZrO2 = ZrB2 + 2B6O the content of B6O could reach 59 wt.%.
Obviously, a part of B2O3formed by reduction of zirconia had evaporated and high content of ZrB2 hindered crystallization of B6O.
Obviously, boron-oxide compounds formed by reduction of ZrO2 by boron suboxide evaporated at temperature lower that formation temperature of B4C.
The detected Vicker hardness of sample B1 correlates with literature data [8, 9] but a comparatively wide distribution of hardness indicated inhomogeneity of the bulk materials.
Online since: September 2003
Authors: X.N. Zhang, R.J. Wu
While damping capacity of the composites was decreased with increase of
reinforcements due to the reduction of damping dependence on strain amplitude.
In the mean while, the elongation of the composites is decreased distinctly and the reduction is more significant with increase of reinforcements.
Damping capacity of the composites decrease owing to the reduction of damping dependence on strain amplitude and this reduction becomes greater when the volume fraction of reinforcements increase.
The G-L mechanism can be evidenced if damping is strain amplitude-dependent and the plot of ln(ε Q -1a) versus 1/ε is a straight line, as predicted by the following equation: ( ) ( ) ερ ε 22 1 1 ln ln C bCQa − = − (4) As showed in Fig.3 (a), the damping of Mg is strongly dependent on strain amplitude and the lineal relationship of ln(εQ -1a) vs. 1/ε is plotted in Fig.4 by using the measured data.
(2) Damping capacity of Mg matrix composites is much lower than that of pure Mg due to the reduction of strain amplitude-dependent part of the damping capacity.
In the mean while, the elongation of the composites is decreased distinctly and the reduction is more significant with increase of reinforcements.
Damping capacity of the composites decrease owing to the reduction of damping dependence on strain amplitude and this reduction becomes greater when the volume fraction of reinforcements increase.
The G-L mechanism can be evidenced if damping is strain amplitude-dependent and the plot of ln(ε Q -1a) versus 1/ε is a straight line, as predicted by the following equation: ( ) ( ) ερ ε 22 1 1 ln ln C bCQa − = − (4) As showed in Fig.3 (a), the damping of Mg is strongly dependent on strain amplitude and the lineal relationship of ln(εQ -1a) vs. 1/ε is plotted in Fig.4 by using the measured data.
(2) Damping capacity of Mg matrix composites is much lower than that of pure Mg due to the reduction of strain amplitude-dependent part of the damping capacity.
Online since: January 2021
Authors: Bhushan T. Patil, Deepika S. Singraur, Vasim A. Shaikh
But cooling time reduction can lead to excessive warping and sinking of the final part [4..6].
2.
Optimization of various parameters, real-time data was simulated and results were obtained from CFD software [10].
The thermal stresses at the end of the packing stage, results show a reduction by 4.3% with the use of conformal cooling channels.
"Cycle time reduction in injection molding process by selection of robust cooling channel design."
"Uniform cooling and part warpage reduction in injection molding thanks to the design of an effective cooling system."
Optimization of various parameters, real-time data was simulated and results were obtained from CFD software [10].
The thermal stresses at the end of the packing stage, results show a reduction by 4.3% with the use of conformal cooling channels.
"Cycle time reduction in injection molding process by selection of robust cooling channel design."
"Uniform cooling and part warpage reduction in injection molding thanks to the design of an effective cooling system."
Online since: December 2013
Authors: A. Vyas, T. Shripathi, N. Lakshmi, O.H. Seeck, R. Brajpuriya, A. Vij
Further annealing at higher temperature, the centriod of he peak shifted towards lower 2θ value with reduction in peak broadening and matches well with that of bulk FeAl phase.
The increase in peak intensity and reduction in peak broadening also indicate the increase in structural ordering and stability of the phase at higher temperature.
This substantial reduction in the peak intensity is a consequence of Al diffusion in the already formed FeAl intermixed layer during deposition i.e transformation of the as-deposited (Fe/Al) bilayer stack to a (Fe–FeAl-Al) trilayer stack.
The ferromagnetic coupling between Fe atoms is weakened due to the reduction of the coordination number of like neighbours as well as increase in inter-atomic distance between them.
Kaimal for providing help in collecting data.
The increase in peak intensity and reduction in peak broadening also indicate the increase in structural ordering and stability of the phase at higher temperature.
This substantial reduction in the peak intensity is a consequence of Al diffusion in the already formed FeAl intermixed layer during deposition i.e transformation of the as-deposited (Fe/Al) bilayer stack to a (Fe–FeAl-Al) trilayer stack.
The ferromagnetic coupling between Fe atoms is weakened due to the reduction of the coordination number of like neighbours as well as increase in inter-atomic distance between them.
Kaimal for providing help in collecting data.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Jian Peng Zhang, Zhen Huang, Wei Li, Xiao Chu Wang
The basic mechanical properties research
For the sake of comparison, this test uses unified "standard test methods of mechanical properties of ordinary concrete (GB/T50081-2002)" in the provisions of the relevant test, test piece intensity data as shown in table 1:
Table1 Basic mechanics performance index of concrete
Specimen number
Rubber content(%)
Compressive strength Tensile strength Flexural strength
Strength Increment (Mpa) (%)
Strength Increment (Mpa) (%)
Strength Increment (Mpa) (%)
DC
MDC
0
60.35
14.0
5.25
19.4
6.23
18.1
68.81
6.27
7.36
NRC
MRC
5
54.84
16.9
4.77
26.4
5.79
19.3
64.12
6.03
6.91
NRC
MRC
10
48.92
14.8
4.41
24.5
5.42
21.4
56.18
5.49
6.58
NRC
MRC
15
43.07
18.3
4.03
30.3
5.07
19.3
50.94
5.25
6.05
NRC
MRC
20
39.02
13.6
3.96
29.0
4.72
14.8
44.33
5.11
5.42
Test results are shown in table 1, after its benchmark rubber mixing concrete compressive strength, splitting and flexural strength are greatly reduced
Analysis of concrete noise reduction test Ultrasound is used to calculate the dynamic modulus, and the actual pavement through the tire noise of motor vehicles, road noise has good correlation, can reflect the concrete produced by the vibration energy absorption effect, effectively judge the noise reduction performance of concrete.
The dynamic elastic modulus decreased, will weaken the ultrasonic impacting concrete group generated material amplitude, the vibration attenuation, so as to achieve the effect of noise reduction [5].
calculated as: Table 2 Ultrasonic test results and the dynamic modulus of concrete Specimen Time (×10-6s) length of Specimen (mm) Density (Kg/m3) Velocity (km/s) Dynamic modulus (Mpa) UC 88.8 400.2 2412.4 4.507 44099 MC 90.6 400.1 2419.6 4.416 42469 URC-5 92.3 400.4 2389.7 4.338 40474 MRC-5 93.6 400.1 2395.9 4.275 39400 URC-10 92.8 400.3 2365.0 4.314 39605 MRC-10 94.4 400.3 2369.3 4.240 38344 URC-15 93.9 400.4 2340.1 4.264 38295 MRC-15 95.1 400.5 2358.7 4.211 37650 URC-20 94.2 400.3 2326.4 4.249 37809 MRC-20 95.3 400.2 2341.1 4.199 37157 According to the test results on the table, draw concrete dynamic modulus diagram as follows: Dynamic modulus of concrete to some extent, reflect the noise performance and toughness of the concrete, the lower dynamic modulus, the better the toughness of the concrete, the ultrasonic wave propagation velocity in the concrete is lower, indicating a low dynamic modulus of concrete can effectively make sound attenuation to achieve the effect of noise reduction
Rubber powder asphalt roadbed noise reduction feature analysis [J] Beijing University of Technology. 2007, 5:455-458.
Analysis of concrete noise reduction test Ultrasound is used to calculate the dynamic modulus, and the actual pavement through the tire noise of motor vehicles, road noise has good correlation, can reflect the concrete produced by the vibration energy absorption effect, effectively judge the noise reduction performance of concrete.
The dynamic elastic modulus decreased, will weaken the ultrasonic impacting concrete group generated material amplitude, the vibration attenuation, so as to achieve the effect of noise reduction [5].
calculated as: Table 2 Ultrasonic test results and the dynamic modulus of concrete Specimen Time (×10-6s) length of Specimen (mm) Density (Kg/m3) Velocity (km/s) Dynamic modulus (Mpa) UC 88.8 400.2 2412.4 4.507 44099 MC 90.6 400.1 2419.6 4.416 42469 URC-5 92.3 400.4 2389.7 4.338 40474 MRC-5 93.6 400.1 2395.9 4.275 39400 URC-10 92.8 400.3 2365.0 4.314 39605 MRC-10 94.4 400.3 2369.3 4.240 38344 URC-15 93.9 400.4 2340.1 4.264 38295 MRC-15 95.1 400.5 2358.7 4.211 37650 URC-20 94.2 400.3 2326.4 4.249 37809 MRC-20 95.3 400.2 2341.1 4.199 37157 According to the test results on the table, draw concrete dynamic modulus diagram as follows: Dynamic modulus of concrete to some extent, reflect the noise performance and toughness of the concrete, the lower dynamic modulus, the better the toughness of the concrete, the ultrasonic wave propagation velocity in the concrete is lower, indicating a low dynamic modulus of concrete can effectively make sound attenuation to achieve the effect of noise reduction
Rubber powder asphalt roadbed noise reduction feature analysis [J] Beijing University of Technology. 2007, 5:455-458.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Guo Hong Lv, Guang Shen Zhou, Xiao Ying Wang
Materials and methods
Collection of data.
Climatic data were obtained from the Chinese meteorological data sharing service system (http://cdc.cma.gov.cn).
Annual climatic data were chosen for meteorological stations corresponding to the latitude and longitude of the research sites.
If the research sites had no corresponding meteorological stations, climatic data were taken from adjacent stations that were closely located.
Data treatment.
Climatic data were obtained from the Chinese meteorological data sharing service system (http://cdc.cma.gov.cn).
Annual climatic data were chosen for meteorological stations corresponding to the latitude and longitude of the research sites.
If the research sites had no corresponding meteorological stations, climatic data were taken from adjacent stations that were closely located.
Data treatment.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Qiu Ju Wang, Da Shen Xue
For a sample data, Observed variables, samples data matrix as follows:
(1)
Principal component analysis is based on observed variables become new variables integrated (integrated variable)
(2)
The Analysis of Coastal Areas of China's Consumer Price
China's coastal area residents’ consumption level factors include: food, alcohol and tobacco and supplies, ect.
Coastal towns of consumer expenditure data are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
The second step: Using SPPS in dimension reduction/factor analysis of the standardized data on principal component analysis, correlation matrix analysis results, as shown in Table 3.
The initial factor loading matrix two data input to the data editor window, and then use "Transform/Compute Variable", in the Compute Variable dialog box, enter "a1 = X1/SQR (5.877)" get the first feature vector with the same second feature vectors obtained and has been feature vector[5], as shown in Table 6.
[3] Fang Luo, Hongyun Liu, Huang Kun, SPSS statistics and data analysis; Tsinghua University Press, Beijing ,2009
Coastal towns of consumer expenditure data are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
The second step: Using SPPS in dimension reduction/factor analysis of the standardized data on principal component analysis, correlation matrix analysis results, as shown in Table 3.
The initial factor loading matrix two data input to the data editor window, and then use "Transform/Compute Variable", in the Compute Variable dialog box, enter "a1 = X1/SQR (5.877)" get the first feature vector with the same second feature vectors obtained and has been feature vector[5], as shown in Table 6.
[3] Fang Luo, Hongyun Liu, Huang Kun, SPSS statistics and data analysis; Tsinghua University Press, Beijing ,2009
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Houshang Alamdari, Mohammad Ghasdi
A multiple-step reduction was observed on pure LaFeO3 at 220°C, 420°C and 530°C.
As literatures mentioned, reduction of Fe4+ to Fe3+ occurred at temperature lower than 300°C in TPR-H2 [8].
Therefore, lower reduction peak in TPR-H2 of LaFeO3 at 200°C related to this kind of reduction.
Researchers have shown that H2 reduction on Pd ions could take place at low temperature [9].
CO conversion data confirmed that doped formulation converted CO to CO2 at very low temperature, and this process also is temperature dependent.
As literatures mentioned, reduction of Fe4+ to Fe3+ occurred at temperature lower than 300°C in TPR-H2 [8].
Therefore, lower reduction peak in TPR-H2 of LaFeO3 at 200°C related to this kind of reduction.
Researchers have shown that H2 reduction on Pd ions could take place at low temperature [9].
CO conversion data confirmed that doped formulation converted CO to CO2 at very low temperature, and this process also is temperature dependent.
Online since: July 2012
Authors: Xiong Gang Lu, Jun Qi Li, Chao Yi Chen
Therefore, SOM process has predominance comparing with FFC process at the rate of reduction[9].
Which represent mainly the porosity and particles size of pellets, the bigger porosity and smaller particles size means higher electrochemical reduction rate[11].
Fig. 5a shows the SEM images and EDX spectra of reduction products for titanium-rich residue with pellets pressed at 3Mpa after electrolysis 4h.
The characteristic morphology of the nodular Ti metal is similar to that of the reduction product from TiO2[13].
Fig.6 XRD spectra of the electrolytic products at 1100˚C for 4h and 6h, the pellets pressed under 3Mpa It can be found that there are absent Mg and Al impurities in products from the data in table 2.
Which represent mainly the porosity and particles size of pellets, the bigger porosity and smaller particles size means higher electrochemical reduction rate[11].
Fig. 5a shows the SEM images and EDX spectra of reduction products for titanium-rich residue with pellets pressed at 3Mpa after electrolysis 4h.
The characteristic morphology of the nodular Ti metal is similar to that of the reduction product from TiO2[13].
Fig.6 XRD spectra of the electrolytic products at 1100˚C for 4h and 6h, the pellets pressed under 3Mpa It can be found that there are absent Mg and Al impurities in products from the data in table 2.