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All cations in garnets are trivalent and, as a result, there is no possibility of electron hopping through the material.
The best YIG from the characterization was selected for further investigation on its efficacy as magnetic nanocatalyts material under the magnetic induction reaction environment.
Spaldin, Magnetic Materials: Fundamentals and Device ApplicationsCambridge University Press ISBN 0521816319, 119, 2003
Maarof, Garnet Ferrite (Y3Fe5O12) Nanoparticles Prepared via Modified Conventional Mixing Oxides (MCMO) Method, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X, 36 (2)(2009) 154-160 [8] N.
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 321(8) (2009) 1106-1110

Materials This study was conducted in the University of Surabaya's greenhouse and plant laboratory.
The materials used are; curly lettuce seeds and nutrient formulation with codes P1 and P2.
Series: Materials Science and Engineering. doi:10. 1088/1757-899X/1098/4/042115 [3] Manalu, D.S.T. dan L.
AgriHumanis: Journal of Agriculture and Human Resource Development Studies 1(2):117-126. http://jurnal.bapeltanjambi.id/ index.php/agrihumanis [4] Siregar, J., S.

The yttria filter was found to offer a stable material in which volatile ruthenium can be effectively trapped because of its incorporation into a highly stable lattice when at temperatures over 900℃ under air conditions.
To treat gaseous ruthenium oxides arising from nuclear facilities, many studies looking at different fixation materials have been done.
Materials and methods The two-zone furnace consisting of a 50 mm I.D. alumina tube is shown in Fig. 1.
From these results, yttria filters offer a stable material in which the volatility of the ruthenium can be effectively trapped due to its incorporation into a highly stable lattice at temperatures over 900°C under air conditions.
Acknowledgements This work was performed under the Long-term Nuclear R&D Program sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Introduction In many industries, such as heavy industry, transport, power engineering, shipbuilding as well as the manufacture of mining, mineral processing and materials handling equipment, coarse-grained cogwheels are widely used in the manufacture of drive units(m = 10÷70 mm).Taking into account a specific scale of production, heavy pitch cogwheels are produced as single units or in small batches.
The need to maintain a given profile during resharpening leads to choosing nonoptimal geometric parameters of the tool teeth and poor use of modern tool materials.
Using the method of continuous running makes it possible to increase the processing performance due to the use of modular cutters equipped with indexable inserts of the advanced tool materials, and also to provide the 6th degree of the processed wheel accuracy [1], however, in this method the approximation of the involute profile is produced by the straight-line segments, the number of which influences an error of the tooth profile.
Acknowledgements Work is performed on the basis of the state task of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, project №2125.
Engineering Journal of the application. 4(205) (2014) 42-46.

Thus results in larger calculation error with the magnetic circuit method to calculate electromagnetic force. 2) The iron core material nonlinear However, in practice iron core material is non-linear [5]. 0 5 10 15 1 2 3 4 linear nonlinear F（N） I（A） Fig. 6 F-I curve when linear and nonlinear iron core material B-H characteristics of the iron core material are set both nonlinear and linear in ANSYS software and remain other conditions unchanged, then calculate the electromagnetic force with ANSYS.
In summary, the primary causes of the error with magnetic circuit method to calculate electromagnetic force are following: ① Non-uniform distribution of magnetic field; ② Iron core material nonlinear; ③ Magnetic flux leakage.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants on “Study on Energy Loss Mechanism of Magnetic Suspended Flywheel Battery” (No. 51147004) and “Basic Theoretical Research on Hybrid Magnetic Bearings for Direct Drive Wind Turbine Spindle” (No. 51175390).
Journal of Hubei University of Technology, 22(4), pp. 14-17, 2007.
[5] Zhao Han, Wang Yong, Li Lu, “Effect of Material Permeability Character on the Field Calculation of Iron Core Circuit,” [A].J Magn Mater Devices, 36(6), pp. 24-26, 2005.

Effect of Sodium Citrate on Electrochemical Behaviour of Copper in Acid Bath Jiaqi Nia, Keqing Hanb, Muhuo Yuc and Chenyu Zhangd State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China anijiaqitop@163.com, byumuhuo@dhu.edu.cn, chankeqing@dhu.edu.cn, d1206216362@qq.com Keywords: Acid copper electroplating, Sodium citrate, Nucleation and growth, Electrochemical behaviour Abstract.
Ibm Journal of Research & Development 42(1998)567-574
Materials Chemistry & Physics 115 (2009) 385-390

Moreover, ceramics have often been used in the thermal structures such as automobile engines and turbines which generate thermal stress in material due to the temperature variety.
Nuclear Material, Vol.258(263) (1998), pp.214-218
Materials Science, Vol.32 (1997), pp.921-930
Lee: KSME International Journal, Vol.9(1) (1995), pp.1-7
Kwon: J of Japan Soc. for Strength and Fracture of Materials, Vol.30(1996), pp.91-104

Ghavipanjeh 1,d 1 Materials And Energy Research Center, Karaj, Tehran, Iran 2 University of Shahid Bahonar, Kerman, Iran mpazouki@merc.ac.ir; m.ranjbar@web.de; raoofsmh@yahoo.com; f.ghavipanjeh@merc.ac.ir Keywords: Kaolin, Bioleaching, Aspergillus niger, Organic acid Abstract.
Materials and methods Kaolin Sample.
Pulp densities were 20 g/l (full dots) and 60 g/l (empty dots), and the clay was added at the first (square dots) and third day (triangle dots) Acknowledgment This research work is financially supported by grants from Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF), under contract number 84.5374.
Gibbs: Bioleaching of heavy metals from a low-grade mining ore using A. niger, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume 110, p. 77-84 (2004).

Robot Fish with Novel Wire-Driven Continuum Flapping Propulsor Zheng Li1, a, Ruxu Du2,b , Yi Zhang3,c and Hua Li4,d 1,2 the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 3Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China 4Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China azli@mae.cuhk.edu.hk, brdu@mae.cuhk.edu.hk, czyi82@126.com, dhua.li@siat.ac.cn Keywords: Robot Fish; Wire-Driven Mechanism; Under Actuation; Biomimetic Abstract.
The third one is using smart materials, such as Shape Memory Alloy [3], Iron Polymer Metal Composite [4], etc.
The shape of these materials could be controlled by temperature or voltage.
However, the energy conversion rate of these materials is much less than motors.
Lighthill, “Note on the swimming of slender fish”, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 9, part 2, 1960, pp. 305-317

Due to improper design, inadvertent construction quality, selection of raw materials, erosion of outside environment and so on, the concrete structures were eroded to premature termination which brought huge economic losses.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was financially supported by “the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province, China(Grant No.
JOURNAL OF BUILDING MATERIALS, 2010, 13(3):315-319
NEW BUILDING MATERIALS, 2009, 10:65-66