Search results

DR could directly or indirectly force a consumption reduction in critical situations, resulting in avoiding the most dangerous reliability problems.
Due to the indirectly relationship between weather condition and the output of both distributed generation and TCLs, the Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data is set as one of the input parameters, which includes the temperature, wind speed, humidity and other weather information[6].
Fig.7 shows that a peak reduction of approximately 150KW or 15.6% was achieved.
A small peak demand can be observed at that time. 4.3 Case 3: CPP Price Signal Fig.8 Case 3 Total Input Power of the System Fig.9 Comparison of Cooling System Setpoint In Case 3, a CPP price signal is applied, a much more peak reduction during peak time can be achieved, approximately 250KW or 24.5%.
[6] TMY2weather data, available online at:www.rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/tmy2/

The first stage is associated to the reduction of metal oxides to metallic inclusions and simultaneous formation of fine aluminum oxides in Al-based matrix.
The effect of magnesium addition on the structure and mechanical properties of the composite is tested with respect to formerly presented data for AlCeO2 material [4].
The flow stress reduction observed at low deformation temperatures may result from inhomogeneous deformation and related tilting of the sample rather than some structural softening processes.
It is worth to notice that large spread of data marked by relatively large error bars, was observed for samples annealed over 16 hours.
For comparison, some data for aluminum/magnesium-based MA composites are also shown [6,7,10].

This paper, using some data on power electronics, analyzes and contrasts in detail the performance of SiC MOSFET CAS120M12BM2 and Si IGBT FF150R12KE3G, in the converter of urban rail vehicles.
But with the increasing switching frequency, the reduction in the volume of magnetic and capacitor components will also be significant.
It can be seen that from Si IGBT converter to SiC MOSFET converter, switching frequency can be increased from 15kHz to 50kHz, volume of the transformer can be reduced from 9.2dm3 to 4.2dm3, leading to a 54.4% reduction.
And the total volume of the converter can be reduced from 26.35dm3 to 18.75dm3, leading to a 28.8% reduction.
Table 3 Contrast of main device losses of SiC/Si converters Losses of devices Primary switches [W] High-frequency transformer [W] Secondary-side rectifier diode [W] Filter inductance [W] Filter capacitance [W] Total losses [W] Efficiency SiC MOSFET converter 690.99 25 95.9 10 5.27 827.16 94.42% Si IGBT converter 950.72 80 45.9 34 3.14 1113.76 92.74% From the analysis based on the data in Table 3, the efficiency of SiC MOSFET converter is 1.68% higher than that of Si IGBT converter.

Structural particularities of the Al ion-implanted p +- layers were revealed by Rutherford backscattering/channeling spectrometry (RBS/C) and compared with secondary ion massspectroscopy (SIMS) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data.
Results and discussion According to SRIM2003 data for ion implantation regime used the projected range of Al ions (Rp) and the position of the maximum of the vacancy generation profile (Rpd) were equal to 120 and 85 nm {Fig.1, (b)-total vacancies}, respectively.
This effect was obtained earlier and explained by the density reduction of SiC during ion implantation [7].
The increase of a minority carrier's life time resulted in reduction of energy losses at dissipation of a dense "track plasma".
It should note the reduction of the initial energy of the α-particles due to braking in air gap from 5.5 to 3.9 MeV resulted in a loss of monochromatic irradiation of the source.

Eight specimens of each studied composition were used and the data averaged.
Both FA+5D and FA+10D exhibited a sharp reduction in density when sintered at 1100ºC, while at this temperature a maximum density was observed for FA, which showed a slight decrease in density when sintered at 1150ºC.
An open porosity value of approximately 0% was observed when samples FA+5D, FA+10D and FA were sintered for 2h at 1025ºC, 1050ºC and 1100ºC, respectively Data shown in the above Figures indicate that dolomite addition favoured the increase in density (shrinkage) at 950-1050ºC, but it caused the opposite effect at higher sintering temperatures, when open porosity had already disappeared.
Table 1 shows metal leaching data for samples tested with distilled water leachant.
Sintering at higher temperatures resulted in a reduction in density due to the swelling of closed pores, which contained entrapped gas resulting from the dissociation of dolomite.

Data processing and drawing software is Excel; data in the paper is average data whose multiple comparison is processed by Duncan's new multiple range method.
However, the different amount of FGD gypsum used leads to different level of reduction of PH value.
Influence of application quantity of FGD gypsum on decrease of PH value Figure2 shows that it is not a positive correlation between the level of reduction of PH value and the amount of FGD gypsum used.
According to the relation curves between the level of reduction of PH value and the amount of FGD gypsum used (Figure3), when the amount of FGD gypsum used is 3.09 t/667m2, the PH value decrease the most and educes to 1.98

MPc are widely used for chemically modified working electrode because MPc can act as a charge mediator (e.g. polyphenols in wines) and oxidation–reduction to electrode material.
The obtained 40 variables, X1-X8, X9-X16, X17-X24, X25-X32, X33-X40 were extracted from CV of CoPc, FePc, MgPc, MnPc and ZnPc modified working electrodes, respectively and were used as input data for PCA calculation to discriminate five basic tastes.
The first group is data of salt solutions including of KCl, MgCl2 and MSG.
Citric data appears on the right side and separate far always from other solutions by PC1 while the sucrose group is separated from the salt group by PC2.
At the measured range, the redox peaks occurred from oxidation and reduction of metal atom in MPcs.

Short-wavelength behavior of transmitted radiation in endlessly single-mode microstructured fibers was investigated in details /3/ and explained as fundamental mode leaking due to reduction of mode spot and thereby reduction of effective modal refractive index contrast between core and cladding.
Our and reference data concerning the localization of bend-induced losses boundary are summarized in the Table 1: Table 1 .
We obtained the experimental data for half-divergence angle and compared them with calculated data α determined by formula: α = λ/πw, where w - mode spot radii.
All data are composed in the Table 2: Table 2 .
Summary Above mentioned experimental data and estimations have led us to the thought that in the most considered cases theoretically multimode microstructured fibers, containing 7- or 19-element cores, in practice serve as single-mode ones in the spectral region of several hundred (up to one thousand) nanometers in width.

Main Line Running Tests In order to find out base data for the time reduction of KTX where express lines and conventional lines of Kyungbu line meet, Korean express trains ran faster than current speed record on the connection of express lines and conventional lines.
Also, when 15 km/h speed was added, derailment coefficient gages had problems, data at that speed were not acquired.
We measured and analyzed the data only in case of leading axle running.
There were 10~30 seconds time reductions.
There should be further tests to acquire data.

The comparative analysis of compressive strength data for CNGSB system without (Table 1) and with (Table 2) thermal treatment demonstrated that the present of 30–70 % of NB positively affects the thermal stability of CNGSB.
Further increase of NB led to reduction of compressive strength which can be associated with excess of solid phase and deficit of dispersion medium required for hydration.
The effect of high-temperature treatment on CNGSB Concentration of NB in CNGSB, % Temperature, ºС Compressive strength, МPа 30 600 4.4 50 600 3.4 70 600 2.3 30 800 7.2 50 800 8.1 70 800 4.6 30 1000 7.4 50 1000 14.7 70 1000 14.4 According to mineral composition data of CNGSB the hydroxyellestadite Ca5(SiO4)3(SO4)3(OH)2 mineral phase detected by XRD-analysis (Table 3) was the product of chemical reaction between gypsum binder and colloid component in NB.
However, the thermal treatment of gypsum binder causes up to four times reduction of volume of crystal phases leading to structure destruction.
Further increase of NB portion led to reduction of strength characteristics associated with formation gypsum crystals that not chemically bonded together (Fig. 2, b).