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It may be made entirely of the same material (homogeneous), or it may be composed of different materials (composite).
Ross, Strength of Materials and Structures, London: Arnold Publishers, 1999, pp. 295-338
Barry, Mechanics of Materials, 2013, pp. 1083-1087
Tzong-Mou, "Computer-aided Deflection and Slope Analyses of Beams," Journal of Applied Sciences, pp. 333-339, 2006
Ryder, Strength of Materials, London: Macmillian, 1969, pp. 86-177

Prinz3, Bjørn Haugen1,f and Jan Torgersen4,j 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norway 2Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Trondheim, Norway 3Stanford University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanoscale Prototyping Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA 3Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, Garching bei München, Germany astephanie.burgmann@ntnu.no, babdulla.binafif@ntnu.no, cmarkus.j.lid@ntnu.no, dkjetil.baglo@tum.de, ea.helvoort@ntnu.no, fbjorn.haugen@ntnu.no, jjan.torgersen@tum.de Keywords: Atomic Layer Deposition, in-situ ALD, Transmission Electron Microscopy, nanofabrication Abstract.
Browning et al., “Recent developments in dynamic transmission electron microscopy,” Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 23–30, Feb. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.cossms.2011.07.001
Wu et al., “In Situ Environmental TEM in Imaging Gas and Liquid Phase Chemical Reactions for Materials Research,” Advanced Materials, vol. 28, no. 44, pp. 9686–9712, 2016, doi: 10.1002/adma.201602519
Burgmann et al., “Approaching the Limits of Aspect Ratio in Free-Standing Al2O3 3D Shell Structures,” Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 24, no. 10, p. 2200444, 2022, doi: 10.1002/adem.202200444
Kessels, “Plasma-assisted ALD for the conformal deposition of SiO2 : process, material and electronic properties,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 159, no. 3, pp.

Material balance equation of water-drive gas reservoir is pZ[1-Cp+SwcCw1-Swc∆p-We-WpBwGBgi]=piZi(1-GpG) （3） Water storage coefficient ω is defined as ω=We-WpBwGBgi （4） Dimensionless pressure PFD is defined as PFD=pZpiZi （5） Neglecting expansion energy of rock and irreducible water, material balance equation of water-drive gas reservoir is PFD=1-Rg1-ω （6） If gas reservoir is closed, water storage coefficient ω is equal to 0, the relationship curve between dimensionless pressure PFD and gas recovery degree Rg is a diagonal line.
There are two fundamental equations in this method, the first is production index equation of water layer qe=J(p-p) （13） The second is material balance equation of water layer supposing formation water compressibility factor is constant.
According to material balance equation of water-drive gas reservoir (Eq. 3), PH pressure is defined as PH=pZ[1-Cp+SwcCw1-Swc∆p-We-WpBwGBgi] （19） Corresponding value in extension line of initial PF line segment is target value of PH.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the projectssupported byNational Key S&T Special Projects (Grant No.2011ZX05017-001-005HZ) and National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.51374269). 
Journal of southwest petroleum institute, 2000，22（4）：26-29

Introduction In recent years, with science and technology’s development, neural net was taken account of in the field of predicting properties of material.
Constitutive relationship of metallic rubber was related to density of material, more importantly, related to shape factor of the material in the documents [3~5].
In this paper, coefficients of constitutive relationship of the material in the two conditions that were only different shape factor, different density and shape factor respectively were trained and studied by BP neural net.
Acknowledgement The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50805112).
[9] Liu Yannian, Feng Chunbo, and Qiao Xin, “Studies on approximation [10] ability of multilayer feed forward BP networks,” Journal of nanjing university of aeronautics & astronautics, vol. 26, pp.34~39, November 1994

They belong to the group of advanced materials technologies, combining several different methods of surface treatment in one multistage technological process.
Fig. 2 Schematic drawing of the cathode arrangement in the chamber device for carrying arc-evaporation method, Characterization of hybrid layers The created composites underwent investigations aimed at defining their material properties.
Table 3: Parameters of ball-on-disc tribological tests Type of ball Ball load force [N] Length of wear track [m] Radius of wear track [mm] Sliding distance [m/s] Temperature [oC] Al2O3 Ø = 6 mm 10 1000 9 0.1 20 After the tests, wear tracks were scanned using an Interferometric Profilometer by Ducom and the volume of the removed coating material was measured.
Based on the volume of the removed coating material, the wear index W was calculated, according to the following formula: W = V / F × s  (1) where: V  volume of removed coating material [mm3] F ball load force [N] S length of wear track [m] Results The metallographic structures of the gas nitrided layers are presented in Fig. 3.
Vacuum Science and Technology A, 24 (2006) 146-155; [9] Kot M., Major Ł., Lackner J., Rakowski W., Analysis of the influence of sublayer thockness on the deformation mechanism and fracture of Ti/TiN multilayer, Tribologia, 4 (2010) 181; [10] Major Ł., Kot M., Lackner J., The effect of metallic inter-layer on multilauer ceramic/metal coatings properties, Inżynieria Materiałowa, 3 (2010) 445.

Introduction Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been very much important among the various metal oxides (tin oxide (SnO2) and indium tin oxide (ITO)) for its employment in the field of chemistry, physics, and material science [1, 2], owing to the direct and wide band gap energy, varying from 3.18 to 3.85 eV, large exciton binding energy (60 meV), satisfactory charge carrier transport, and high crystalline quality of ZnO [3].
This phenomenon might be due to big disagreement of linear thermal expansion between ZnO and PET materials [16, 17].
Klein et al., “Transparent conducting oxides for photovoltaics: Manipulation of fermi level,work function and energy band alignment,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 3, pp. 4892–4914, 2010
Caglar, “Preparation and characterization of ZnO thin films deposited by sol-gel spin coating method,” Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, vol. 10, pp. 2578–2583, 2008
Hamid, “Surface characteristics of zinc oxide grown on different substrates by RF sputtering technique,” Engineering, Science, and Technology Colloquium, vol. 2, pp. 75–76, 2017

Sugar cane is an important economic crop of Thailand, used as a raw material to produce sugar and renewable energy.
Method and material The testing unit was designed and fabricated.
Journal Agric Eng Int: CIGR 2013; July Vol. 15
Proceedings of the 35th Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Fisheries, Science, Engineering, Environmental Management, Home Economics, Education and Economics: 1997, page 516 – 523

Materials & Design, 24 (2003) 309-313
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 441, № 012047, (2018)
Zhurda Tungsten carbide based cladding materials.
The Paton Welding Journal, 6-7 (2014) 69-74
Kacprzak, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Materials Park, 1990

Methods and materials Study Area Gaojianpu Watershed is located in Wangwa Town, Pengyang County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and belongs to the Puhe River Basin of Jinghe River System, with a total area of ​​1,076.89 hectares and location between 36°3'44"N~36°6'53"N, 106°38'15"E~106°40'43"E(Fig.1).
Journal of Ecology, 2010, 30 (1): 146-154
Beijing: Science Press, 1995
Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2012, 26(6):102-107
Pratacultural Science, 2009, 26(8): 34-39

Experimental Studies Materials: Aggregate.
Fig. 1 Photograph of CRT funnel glasses Fig. 2 Photograph of crushed sands, barites and CRT funnel glasses Fig. 3 Grading distribution of coarse and fine aggregates Materials: Cementitious materials.
The proportioned materials in all the mixes were mixed for 5 min using a standard laboratory rotating drum type mixer.
Science 2009. 326(2009) 670-671
Poon, Effects of crushed glass cullet sizes, casting methods and pozzolanic materials on ASR of concrete blocks.