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The high density of particles allows non-dendritic growth and results in grain-refined microstructures [3].
At low pouring temperature, the under-cooled melt near the Cup's wall (chill effect) explodes with the large number of nuclei, big bang or copious nucleation.
The uniform cooling rate and large number of nuclei, promote the formation of good semi-solid structure.
The Casting parameter directly affects the nucleation and growth of primary crystals such as Al in hypo-eutectic Al-Si alloys, where nucleation control the size of grains formed and growth determines the grain morphology and distribution of alloying elements within the matrix [10].
This cooling the melt makes a massive number of nuclei in the melt.

A significant increase in cooling rate will increase the number of the nuclei formed that affect grain size and Dendrite Arm Spacing (DAS) on aluminum alloys.
As the grain size gradually increases the number of grain boundaries, it significantly increases the grain boundary strengthening effect where the grain boundaries become a barrier to dislocations in the alloy.
In Figure 3 it can be seen that the highest porosity level with the number 3.5819% is found in aluminum alloy with the name Dt2 / CR13 that is the alloy which degassed for 2 minutes and given cooling rate 13 oC / min.
While the lowest porosity level with the number 1.7988% is found in aluminum alloy with the name of specimen Dt5 / CR26 is specimen which degassed for 5 minutes with cooling rate equal to 26 oC / min.
This type of porosity is quite easy to recognize due to its irregular shape and is usually formed in the grain interface area.

In connection with the growing demand for titanium alloys, the number of studies on this topic has increased in recent decades.
The material shows a recrystallized structure with grains of globular shape.
At RT, the maximum grain size is dmaxRT=14.0±5.6 μm, the minimum grain size is dminRT=6.7±3.3 μm, the mean misorientation angle Δω=0.83°±0.56°, and the maximum measured pole density is PmaxRT=7.5 m.r.d.
In Fig. 3(a) it can be seen that the tensile specimen tested at RT has a large number of twins in the structure, where twinning takes place in almost every grain.
Furthermore, a large number of small grains are noticed.

A majority of lead minerals are jamesonite, galena, pyromorphite and cerusite, and a small number of lead minerals are anglesite and plumbojarosite.
Most of arsenic minerals are arsenopyrite and arsenical pyrite, and a small number of arsenic minerals are realgar, orpiment and arsenolite.
According to the particle properties and dissemination relationship between minerals, the preliminary treatments of throwing medium-grained and fine-grained tailings for enrichment were carried out, and the results are showed in Table 3.
Therefore, it is beneficial to prevent the gangues with good floatability and fine-grained slimes from being grinded, providing favorable conditions for following processing procedures.
A large number of fine-grained cassiterites would be entrained by the concentrates in the process of the selective flotation of sulfide minerals, which causes the cassiterite can not be recovered fully.

Phase field method is adaptable to simulate grain growth especially in 3D micro- structure [12].
Braginsky et al.[18] extended this model to simulate sintering in a complex powder compact consisting of a large number of particles of arbitrary shape.
The growth of grains in the particles and the disappearance of pores were simulated by means of the Potts MC model.
In our country, many scholars have done a lot of research on the simulation of grain growth [26, 27], but the grain growth simulation on sintering barely starts on.
Wang [33] simulated the microstructure evolution in solidification process by coupling CA method and MC method, the skeleton of grain was described by using a CA model, and then the grain growth was corrected by MC method.

Available parameters of the current research and the samples' number Sample Number Sample Code 1 Cy-1600-40 2 Cy-800-120 3 Sq-1600-80 4 Sq-800-40 Microstructural Observation In order to investigate the microstructural properties of 4 welded samples, an optical microscope was utilized and the samples were prepared according to standards.
Nugget Zone (NZ) consisting of the grains which are extensively modified.
Different microstructural zones in sample 4, Sq-800-40; (a) 200μm, (b) 200μm and (c) general view It is evident from the figures that the finest grains belong to Nugget Zone, while heat affected zone and base material, which are the same in terms of grains' size have none or less modified grains.
In comparison to NZ, Thermo-Mechanically Affected Zone's grains are less modified, however; these grains' modification is more than that of two other zones (base material and HAZ).
It means by moving from NZ to Base Material grains become coarser

This measuring is based on the finding of relationship between the indent load level and the number of loading cycles leading to chips formation.
The grain size was in order of 1-2 µm.
The grain size is in order 4-5 µm and the volume fraction of glass phase is higher than in Si3N4.
The higher value of fracture toughness of Si3N4 is probably connected with the smaller grain size of this ceramic material, in comparison with Al2O3 (see Fig. 1, 2).
In great number of the evaluations, the complex morphologies of chipping can be detected.

After RTA at 800 °C, both bilayer periods show similarly large and facetted grains creating an increased surface roughness.
Also the 250 nm bilayer films after a 500 °C annealing contain individual grains that penetrate through the initial layer interfaces.
This supports the statement from XRD results and SEM images, that up to 500 °C, mainly recrystallization with grain growth and decrease of defect densities, i. e. of vacancies, dislocations and grain boundaries, takes place.
The sample magnetization Mi is calculated by normalizing µi with the Co/Fe­ volume according to Eq. 1, with film area A, film thickness dfilm and the number of samples n = 2.
Using the measured magnetic moments at saturation, the volumes of a sample and of a unit cell, calculated from XRD peaks, and the number of atoms per unit cell, an estimation of the magnetic moment per atom µat is made.

Reduce the number of replacement tools .
Long tool life can reduce the number of replacement tools .
Grain grinding process can be divided into two forms.
Grain feed means is water way .
Processing is completely broken grains used way collision .

Introduction With the development of service-oriented architecture SOA, Web service composition in SOA has more and more application, after people are widely accepted the concept of service, turned to in-depth study on the relationship between services,they hope that through the arrangement and combination of services,some of the coarse-grained fine-grained services combined into new business, static or dynamic programming business processes was establish to reduce the client code burden, while improving service resource utilization and reduce development costs in a certain extent.Dynamic service composition is a combination of on-demand services using the existing Web services into a new technology,snd play better reflect the characteristics of SOA.Increase the utilization of existing services, by the way of shared services to save development cost and enterprise resource,which can quickly build up a new value-added Web services or Web applications, to better meet the needs of users.
The fine-grained services into coarse-grained services,or before the coarse-grained services (which can be seen as business processes have been combined) into a more coarse-grained service.First to clarify the relationship between services, this relationship including a service has been finished, the next service call may be passed to the next parameter from where a service.
Dynamic Service Composition with Loop Process Algorithm The key to the dynamic service composition with loop process is to find the service network of all the strongly connected components.Use the following algorithm to find all strongly connected components in this paper: · In the service network relations, starting from a node (this used to receive the request parameters for the receive nodes) along the end of that arc (that is, the arc from the point of injection) for depth-first traversal DFS (Depth-First Search), all of its adjacent points according to the search is complete (ie depth-first traversal DFS launch function) the order from small to large node numbers in ascending order, the last one out the maximum number of nodes DFS
· Then the maximum number that the final completion of the starting node DFS, along with the node for the first arc (that is injected into the node of the arc) to do the reverse depth-first traversal, if this relationship can not access to all the service network nodes, the nodes from the remaining selected nodes starting with the highest number to continue to do the reverse DFS, until the all service network nodes have been visited to find.