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Cool roofs are characterized by materials having: high solar reflectance (SR) and high thermal emittance (TE).
The former expresses the ability of the materials of reflecting most of the incident solar radiation during daytime, keeping their surfaces cooler respect to conventional construction materials.
The high thermal emittance allows the materials to radiate away the heat stored in the structure, mainly during night time.
Optimizing roof materials can play a vital role in solving this problem.
Bretz; "Preliminary Survey of the Solar Reflectance of Cool Roofing Materials," Energy and Buildings, Vol. 25, 149-158 (1997)

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2003; 7:309-18. 7.
Biomineralization: linking the fossil record to the production of high value functional materials.
Biomineralization, principles and concepts in bioinorganic materials chemistry.
Biomimetics: materials fabrication through biology.
Materials science.

Effect of Bentonite Binder on Adsorption and Cation Exchange Properties of Granulated Nano NaY Zeolite Charkhi Amir1, 2, a, Kazemeini Mohammad2, b*, Ahmadi Seyyed javad1, c, Ammari Allahyari Sareh1, d 1Departments of Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran 2Deptartment of Chemical and petroleum engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran aacharkhi@aeoi.org.ir, bKazemini@sharif.edu, csjahmadi@aeoi.org.ir, d sammari@aeoi.org.ir *Telephone: +98 21 66165425 * Fax: +98 21 66012983 Keywords: bentonite, granulation, nano NaY zeolite, adsorption, Cation exchange.
Obtained results were compared with similar results of binderless micron sized NaY material.
These valuable crystalline materials which have a wide range of applications acting as molecular sieves, ion-exchangers and catalysts might not be utilized in their original size in a lot of industrial applications [1].
Materials The nano NaY zeolite was synthesized utilizing clear solution method according to the batch composition reported by Creaser and co-workers [6] (i.e.; employing a mixture of 2.46(TMA)2O: 0.032Na2O: 1Al2O3: 3.40SiO2: 370H2O).
Kazemian, Under Revision in Journal of Powders Technology (2011)

Study of Flux on Wetting Behavior of Sn-Zn Lead-Free Solders Huan Liu1,2,a，Feng Xue1,2,b and Jian Zhou1,2,c 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Nanjing, China aliuhuanseu@163.com, bxuefeng@seu.edu.cn, cjethro@seu.edu.cn Keywords: Solders; Lead-Free; Flux; Sn; Zn Abstract.
Lead-free solder materials for sustainable development of green electronics.
Ding, Journal of southeast university （Natural Science Edition，In Chinese). 3, 39 (2009)

After the desired depth of the crack was reached, the plate was machined and polished to remove the initial notch, leaving true fatigue crack in the remaining material.
This work was partly supported by The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology under Grant-in-Aid for Specially Promoted Research (COE) (2) 11CE2003, and by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (2) 14350050.
Zoughi: Materials Evaluation Vol. 53 (1995), p. 496
Abé: JSME International Journal A Vol. 45 (2002), p. 573
Miyadu: Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 261 (2004), p. 955.

The adjusted technological parameters used for individual materials are shown in Table 2.
The range of hardness changes of the TPU materials was less than 5 %.
Hudson, Injection Molding of Thermoplastic Elastomers: a Processing Guide, Journal of Injection Molding Technology. 1(2) 117-122
Schmachtenberg, Local Thermo-Oxidative Degradation in Injection Moulding, Polymer Engineering and Science. 48(4) 717-722
Njuguna, Thermal Degradation of Polymeric Materials, Rapra Technology, Shawbury, 2005

Nowadays the development and optimization of materials and process chains are driven towards a concurrent improvement of final product properties and production efficiency.
Introduction To secure competitiveness of modern forging shops individual processes, process chains and materials are optimized in several ways.
Initial condition of the raw material.
Prahl (Eds.), Integrative Computational Materials Engineering: Concepts and Integration of a Modular Simulation Platform, WILEY-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2012, pp. 187–219
Whiteman, Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Hot Rolling, Metal Science Journal 13 (1979) 187–194

Road and Railway Engineering College, Changsha University of Science and Technology 2.
During the test, a total of four different materials are tested by the pullout test under different temperatures.
The mean value of four different materials is calculated in accordance with the different temperature, as shown in table 2: Table 2 Mean value of bonding strength of different waterproof adhesive layer material Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4 Test temperature(℃) 20 25 28 32 35 20 25 30 35 34 38 32 Mean value(MPa) 1.10 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 1.04 0.99 0.92 0.88 0.94 0.90 0.96 According to the table, we can found the regularity of bonding strength with the different temperatures of material 1 and material 2, as shown in figure 7.
Table 3 The comparison of bonding strength of different materials material material 1 material 2 material 3 material 4 strength(MPa) 0.95 0.90 0.96 0.96 From the table 3, the bonding strength of material 1, material 2 and material 4 are almost the same at the same reference temperature.
Study on the structure design method of cement concrete bridge deck and asphalt pavement [J].China highway journal, 2001, 1 [5] Zhang Zhanjun.

Ishikawa, Mechanical properties of corrugated composites for candidate materials of flexible wing structures.
Applied Composite Materials 20 (2013) 341-353
Han, Crashworthiness Optimization of corrugated sandwich panels, Materials & Design 51 (2013) 1071-1084
Hamouda, Bending behaviour of corrugated web beams, Journal of materials processing technology.150 (2004). 242-254
Wangb, Improving the bending strength and energy absorption of corrugated sandwich composite structure, Materials and Design 52 . 2013

The amount of materials required.
Materials’ transportation would be blocked and tube would be easily plugged if tube diameter is too small, or if they are too big it would increase cost and affect materials’ acceptance.
Generally take more than 3 times of materials’ maximum particle diameter as tube diameter.
Han: Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering.
Chen: Shandong Coal Science and Technology.