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Experimental Materials and synthesis.
McKenna, Effects of confinement on material behaviour at the nanometer scale, J. of Phys.: Condens.
Torkelson, The distribution of glass-transition temperatures in nanoscopically confined glass formers, Nature Materials, 2 (2003) 695-700
Raphaël, Residual stresses in thin polymer films cause rupture and dominate early stages of dewetting, Nature Materials, 4 (2005) 754
Pekcan, Molecular weight effect on latex film formation from polystyrene particles: a photon transmission study, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 213 () 160–168, 1999

Currently, etching and chemo-mechanical polishing (CMP) are performed to remove the subsurface-damaged material layers.
First, it involves no material removal, thus preserves the dimensions of the workpiece.
Acknowledgements This work has been supported by Grant-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (Project No. 20656023) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
Kuriyagawa: Response of machining-damaged single-crystalline silicon wafers to nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 22 (2007) 392-395
Yan: Laser micro-Raman spectroscopy of single-point diamond machined silicon substrates, Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 4 (2004) 2094-2101

Materials and Methods The synthesis of sodium 4’-[3’’,4’’,5’’-tris(dodecyloxy)benzoyloxy]-azobenzene-4-sulfonate (C12-Na) and sodium 4’-[3’’,4’’,5’’-tris-(octyloxy)benzoyloxy]azobenzene-4-sulfonate (C8-Na) was described in our previous papers. [7,8] Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements were performed at the BM26 and ID10 beamlines of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France) using a custom-designed environmental chamber. [9,10] The energy of X-ray photons was 12 keV.
Thus, phase 2 is pseudo-hexagonal columnar, and characterizes the structure of material in the absence of water channels.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Science and High Education of the Russian Federation for financial support (contract No. 14.587.21.0052 (RFMEFI58718X0052)).
Madsen, Humidity-modulated phase control and nanoscopic transport in supramolecular assemblies, Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 11 (2014) 3207-3217
Ivanov, From Channel‐Forming Ionic Liquid Crystals Exhibiting Humidity‐Induced Phase Transitions to Nanostructured Ion‐Conducting Polymer Membranes, Advanced Materials. 25 (2013) 3543-3548

Analysis and application for the influence of cooling strategy on cooling capacity in the laminar cooling of hot rolling strip Zhang Dazhi1, a, Ye Haili1, b 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China a100zdz@163.com, byehaili@163.com Key words: Laminar cooling; Temperature control; Cooling strategy; Cooling capacity; Finite difference method; Hot rolling strip Abstract.
The initial conditions: (2) Boundary conditions: Adiabatic boundary conditions: (3) Convective heat transfer boundary conditions: (4) 1.2 Treatment on the physical parameters When hot strip is water cooled, the temperature varies greatly and materials’ thermal properties change significantly with the state of material organization and temperature.
Heat flux transfers in the radiation way follows Stephen Boltzmann's law: (5) Where is Stephen Boltzmann constant; is radiation coefficient of the material surface; is area; and are temperature of strip surface and ambient temperature respectively.
References [1] [1] Xie Haibo, She Guangfu, Liu Hua, Wang Guodong development and implementation of hot rolled strip laminar cooling set model of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2004, 25 (10): 961 - 964
Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2008.20 (10) .25 ~ 27

Effects of Microstructure Transformation on Strengthening and Toughening for Heat-Treated Low Carbon Martensite Stainless Bearing Steel Xiaohong Yuan1, 2, a, Maosheng Yang2, b and Kunyu Zhao1, c* 1Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan Province, China 650093 2Institute of Special Steel, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing, China 100081 ayxhong87@163.com, bmshyang@sina.com, c*zhaokunyu.kmust@gmail.com Keywords: Strengthening and toughening, Yield strength, Impact energy, Lath martensite, EBSD, Hall-Petch relationship.
In addition, the geometry of bearings can dramatically influence the choice of material, bearing performance and its ability to bear loads [1].
Experimental Material and Methods The tested steel is produced in a vacuum induction-melting furnace and the ingots are forged into 220mm in diameter.
Mohan, Microstructural study of cryogenically treated En 31 bearing steel, Journal of materials processing technology. 209(2009) 3351-3357

Chemical composition of investigated materials.
Middleton, An all metal UHV flange seal for dissimilar materials, IEEE Trans.
Ogedengbe, Welding of dissimilar metals using gas metal arc and laser welding techniques: a review, Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 8(6) (2017) 225-228
Series: Materials Science and Engineering 142 (2016) 012005 https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/142/1/012005 [36] A.F.
Welding Journal 95(8) (2016) 300S-308S

Construction and Building Materials, (2009), P. 2701-2708 [2] R.C.
Construction and Building Materials, (2010), P. 824-831 [8] G.D.
Billiter, Comprehensive Laboratory and Field Study of High-Cure Crumb-Rubber Modified Asphalt Materials, (2000), P 2-23 [12] T.E.
Petroleum science and technology, (1997), P 445-469 [13] D.
Construction and Building Materials, (2011), P432-438

Structured data include user and flow information, simulation task parameters and simulation results, for instance, main structure dimension and material property of analysis objects, boundary in analysis process, stress, displacement, etc.
Malone: 45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Confer(California, USA, April 19 - 22, 2004) [4] Y.P.
Fu: Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), Vol. 36 (5) (2006), p.711.

Introduction Steel wire ropes are an important technical element in transportation, the building industry, raw material extraction, etc.
Defects are implemented as axial movements of wire material walls in the cylinder by 1 mm.
Material properties needed for calculations are defined based on the B-H curve of a real rope.
Xu, 1.A New Method of Defects Identification for Wire Rope Based on Three-Dimensional Magnetic Flux Leakage, Journal of Physics: Conference Series (48) (2006), pp. 334–338, ISSN 1742-6588
Mining Science and Technology (China), Volume 19, Issue 2, March 2009, Pages 170-175

Materials and Methods Selection of Sensors.
The pH variation is not commonly considered for sensor compensation because it's universally believed that the material composition of the modern sensors is well resisted to any chemical erosion.
Journal of Hydrology (2007) 344, 32–42
Importance of spatial structures in advancing hydrological sciences [J].