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In 1942 [11] it was proved by researches, that the resistivity value of porous material can be determined by the following equation: , (2) where r0 is the water phase resistivity in the concrete, a is the constant depending on the metal structures, m is the integral parameter, related to the pores structure in the material, φ is the proportion of volumetric water saturation of the pores.
There are several methods for measuring the resistivity of materials: disk method with a single external electrode, two-electrode and four-electrode methods.
Corrosion monitoring of reinforced concrete structures - A review // International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2007. №2.
Influence of carbonation on chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion in simulated concrete pore solutions / Liu R., Jiang L., Xu J., Xiong C., Song Z.// Construction and Building Materials. 2014. № 56.
Test methods for on site measurement of resistivity of concrete - a RILEM TC-154 technical recommendation// Construction and Building Materials. 2001. №15.- P.125-131

However, due to the design, construction, materials and structural aging and other reasons, many of the existing bridge appeared damaged to varying degrees which don’t reach their design reference period.
The layers of bridge reinforcement evaluation effect Target Layer Category Layer Evaluation Index Layer Reinforcement Effect Safety Carrying Capacity Increase Rate (CCIR) Live Load Sharing Rate (LLSR) Stiffness Changing Rate (SCR) Durability Design Fit Indicators (DFI) Appearance Quality Indicators (AQI) Construction Quality Indicators (CQI) Applicability Reinforcement Material Utilization (RMU) Operational Results Indicators (QRI) Bridge Strengthening Effect Evaluate Rating Method 1) Select the score calculation method According to the current technical condition of the highway bridge evaluation norm——Highway Bridge Technical Condition Assessment Procedures (JTG/T H21-2011), it uses the hierarchical synthesis method as the bridge technical condition assess method.
Index weights of applicability Indices  Reinforcement Material Utilization (RMU) Operational Results Indicators (QRI) Weights 0.5 0.5 5) The calculate method about structural level evaluation scores The calculate method used in single reinforcement project evaluation score as follows: (2) ——Evaluation scores of single reinforcement projects; ——Index evaluation score.
The basic indicators include reinforcement material utilization and operational results indicators. ① Reinforcement material utilization The reinforcement material utilization can be defined as the ratio of the strengthened control section maximum load effect with the maximum material strength.
Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. 2004(13):1-35

According to GB/T 229-2007 Metallic Materials - Charpy Pendulum Impact Test Method, the impact specimens were cut from the weld bead, with the standard size 55mm×10mm×10mm.
Under the same condition of experiment, the bigger the proportion of fiber area and shear lips, the better of the material’s toughness.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 226 (2015) 272-279
Ph.D. thesis, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China, 2015
Welding thermal simulation experiment on SMA490BW material [J].

Lost circulation materials like one-way pressure sealant and superfine calcium carbonate were used to stop the leakage.
The Recommended practice for laboratory testing of bridging materials for drilling fluids (SY/T5840-2007) does not consider formation pressure when examining sealing capacity of plugging materials, so we added backpressure of 0.5MPa to simulate the pressure of low-pressure leakage zone in order to better reflect the bearing capacity of fuzzy ball pad fluid.
(2) Cementing operation was a one-time success, which not only reduced the cost directly, but also decreased the formation damage by minimizing the leaking of cementing materials into the formation, so the oil/gas production may be improved and the reservoir stimulation cost may be cut
Chinese Science Bulletin. 15(55). 1220-1228. (2010) [2] Zheng Lihui, Cao Yuan, Han Zixuan: Novel low-density drilling fluid containing fuzzy ball structure.
Journal of China Coal Sociey. 35 (3). 339-442. (2010) [4] Li Liangchuan, Lu Shuqin Pengchuan: Fuzzy-ball workover fluids for formation damage control in Jidong Oilfield. 33(3).31-34. (2011) [5] Zheng Lihui, Zhang Mingwei, Lin Yong: A Multifunctional Drilling Fluid for Coalbed Methane Drilling. 2011 International Conference on Energy and Environment.

Consequently, they were widespread used as modified RAC materials at present[3,4].
Material Tests The materials used were Ordinary Portland Cement ,river sand, natural crushed stone, potable water of Xi’an.
The age of concrete at the model test day and material test day were 28 days respectively.
Due to the discreteness of concrete materials and the process of producting or loading of the human influence, we made some results comparatively large difference, such as making the experimental value of 14% lower than the actual value.
[4] Ding Chunlin, Zhang Guofang, Zhang Hua.Experiment and Comparison on Shear Behavior of New Type Rod-like Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete[J].Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2011.39(6):802-806

This is not an exception for low-temperature engineering and related fields of science and technology.
Good miscibility of the refrigerant with lubricating oil and materials compability are the key factors besides high dielectric strength especially in the vapor phase, lower freezing point temperature and low cost of the refrigerant.
The predominant refrigerants in use today are members of the halocarbons family of chemical compounds i.e., so-called halogenated hydrocarbons or fluorocarbon refrigerants In 1928 Thomas Midgley along with Albert Henne managed to synthesize a small quantity of chlorofluorocarbons CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons which could be produced with hydrocarbons as raw materials.
Also important are thermodynamic properties, low flammability and toxicity, cost and compatibility with the materials of construction.
HFOs New, Low Global Warming Potentials Refrigerants// ASHRAE-Journal. – 2009. – August. – 51(8). – P. 22-29

Furthermore, the addition of small amounts of Al and Si constituents to the nanocomposite structure of these materials considerably improved their tribological and anti-corrosive properties at operating temperatures exceeding 400 °C, such as hardness and wear resistance, thermal stability, and denitrification temperatures [4].
For bulk materials, e.g., as the steel substrate Meyer’s index is a good measure of the indentation size effect (ISE) [9].
Conversely, n>2 represents so-called reverse ISE behavior, whereas at n=2 the ISE is absent for the given material at the applied indentation depths.
Acknowledgements This research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project No. 2019/1-0385 “Carbon-rich self-healing multifunctional nanostructured smart coatings (NSC) for high-tech applications using high-power confined plasma technology for their deposition”.
Bajajb, A critical review of diamond like carbon coating for wear resistance applications, International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 78 (2019)107-122

A special attention in this field over the last years has been focused on the formation of directional morphologies that can be obtained during directional solidification or directional annealing of metallic materials [1-4].
According to numerous authors, the columnar morphologies have considerable effect on mechanical properties of materials [6, 7].
The peak temperature was naturally limited, since it could not exceed the melting point of the material.
[7] Bhadeshia H.K.D.H., Materials Science and Technology, v.16, (2000) 1404
[9] Räsänen E, Tenkula J., Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 1 (1972) 75

Raw Materials and Mix Design Raw materials.
Aggregate particle size To conclude with the explanation of the materials used, waste from wind turbine blades, labelled as RCWTB and obtained after the crushing process, was used (Fig. 2).
The reference sample was composed of the following quantities of the different materials involved: 320 kg/m3 of cement CEM II/A-L 42.5 R [11], 155 kg/m3 of water, 2.2 kg/m3 of plasticizer type "SIKA 20HE" and 4.5 kg/m3 of plasticizer type "SIKA 5970".
Flexural strength at 28 days Conclusions The worldwide need to make useful the waste that the wind turbine blades constitute has led to the current study of different ways of incorporating it into construction materials.
Setunge, Influence of the Processing Techniques on the Bond Characteristics in Externally Bonded Joints: Experimental and Analytical Investigations, Journal of Composites for Construction 20 (2016) 04015081. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000646

Realization of the SRM for pile foundation The yield criterion of geotechnical material.
The limit analysis of FEM in the geotechnical field, the physical constitutive of geotechnical material may not be accurate, but the strength yield criterion was higher required.
In the basis of unchanged the material property of ground, the method of changed material property of contact element was used to solve the influence.
Acknowledgements The study is sustained by provincial natural science of Liaoning, P R China, Code 20102103.
[9] Gancheng XU, Yingren ZHENG: Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 12 (1990), p. 93.