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With enriched porous structures, biachar can increase the porosity and water retention capacity of soils.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28: 2283-2288.(2009) ].
While as, the material properties and structures of biochar are little different due to the raw material and the environment in pyrolysis.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 48: 3211-3221.(2008) ] found that porosity of biochars, provided by dehydrated sludge and corn stalk, enhanced with the rising of temperature on the 300 ~ 900 ℃ temperature range.
In a research, the added biochar has improved the pore structure of biochar and decreased bulk density of soil so that the water-holding capacity was increased.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy instrument (FT-IR, Nexus670) was used to measure the morphology and surface chemistry of GNS0, GNS5 and GNS15.
Fig. 1(a) presents the SEM image of GNN0, a wormlike and loose structure, consisting of many GNSs with weak connection.
Moreover,the thin wrinkled structure represents a curled and corrugated structure that the graphene owns intrinsically.
Summary This work investigated the effect of GNS structure on the mechanical properties of GNS/epoxy nanocomposite.
We used the different sonication time to regulate the structure of GNSs.

Synthesis of Myristyl Sulpho Betaine Type Amphoteric Surfactant Rongming Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang,Hongman Shan,Yue Wang College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northeast Petroleum University Daqing, China, Daqing,Heilongjiang Province,China Zrm3000zrm@163.com Keywords: myristyl sulpho betaine;amphoteric surfactant; tetradecylamine ; pentaerythritol..
The results have show that the reaction time and mole ratio (Dimethyl tetradecyl tertiary/ Intermediate) were 16h and 1.2/1 at 120℃.The structure of myristyl sulpho betaine type amphoteric surfactant was identified by FTIR.Then it was performed the surface tension tests to determine the critical micelle concentration (cmc).
Introduction The myristyl sulpho betaine with two hydroxyl groups possessed special nature while compareing with other amphoteric surfactant in applications.The solution possess more excellent physical and chemical properties,such as higher surface activity,lower kafft points,wetting performance,solubilization capacity and washing capacity[1].The structure of myristyl sulpho betaine molecule enhanced the hydrophilicity of hydrocarbon chains, Myristyl sulpho betaine as a type of amphoteric surfactants have been applied to household chemical industry and crude petroleum industry[2].With the promotion of betaine amphoteric surfactants, myristyl sulpho betaine will also be widely used in the agricultural, leather,textiles, latex and other industries[3].
Considering the cost of catalyst and after-treatment of product,we should choose suitable amount.Infrared ray spectrum(IR) proved that the molecular structure of product was right.
[3] Xie Yajie, Cheng Wenjin.Synthesis and structure characterzation of novel gemini surfactants [J].

Depending on the alloy chemistry and amount of time spent at a temperature above Tx (in the nose region of the curve), there could be (i) complete glassy structure, (ii) partial glassy structure or (iii) complete crystalline structure (no glass).
A step by step method is described aimed at the design of new nucleates by understanding the basic crystal structure and chemistry of evolving ductile phase.
Ma, Atomic-level structure and structure–property relationship in metallic glasses.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2011. 129(1): p. 547-552
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2005. 93(1): p. 174-177

The structure of the title compound was also modelled by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
The molecular structure of C12H16N2O4 is presented in Fig. 1.
The multi-temperature X-ray study of BHETA does not reveal any spectacular changes of the structure between 100 and 300K.
The translation components are close to zero what is the characteristic feature for centrosymmetric structures.
The molecules in this crystal structure are bound together by two types of strong hydrogen bonds N-H···O and O-H···O.

Extracting Plasticizer from Polyvinylbutyral Plastics by Supercritical Fluid Hui Wang1, a*, Kaida Chen1,b and Jiangang Fu1,c 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410083 aCorresponding author, huiwang1968@163.com, boneckd@qq.com, cfu_jiangang@126.com Keywords: Polyvinylbutyral(PVB), Supercritical fluids, Plasticizer, Recycling.
The plasticizer’s yield coefficient can reach 78.26% under the conditions, and the performance and structure of resin and plasticizer are almost the same after being extracted.
According to the principle of the dissolution in the similar material structure, the entrainers should be nonpolar.
It is concluded from the results that the structure and property of the plasticizer and PVB resin obtained by supercritical fluid extraction does not change, which proves that the effect of plasticizer extraction from waste plastic by using supercritical CO2 extraction technology is quite good.
A.: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Vol. 43 (1995), p. 2876 [10] Jaka Sunarso, and Suryadi Ismadji: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 161 (2009), p. 1

The structure of product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Flower-like structure was also prepared in 5% PAM hydrogel whose morphology was similar to that in figure 2d(as shown in figure 2f), but the lamellas which make up the flower-like structures become thinner(about 20nm) and larger(about 1μm).
Fig.2 SEM images of Copper sulfide prepared in different current and Am content: (a)1 mA, 2% Am; (b) 1 mA, 5% Am; (c) 2 mA, 2% Am; (d) 2 mA, 5% Am; (e) 3 mA, 2% Am; (f) 3 mA, 5% Am The mineralization patterns are determined by the characteristics of the chemistry of the hydrogel scaffold and the electric-current-assisted diffusion process.
Then a possible formation mechanism of these various structures was proposed.
Therefore a lamellar structure (Figure 2 c,d,e,f), not a sphere structure, is formed.

Powder X- Ray diffraction patterns showed the formation of body centered tetragonal structure for CuFe2O4 and cubic structure for CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4.
The phase analysis for confirming the formation of the spinel structures has been done using powder X-ray diffractographs.
For the copper nanoferrite, the XRD planes can be indexed to (101), (112), (103), (211), (220), (321), (224) and (400) planes corresponding to the body centered tetragonal structure (JCPDS card No. 00-006-0545).
The Debye Scherrer equation has been used to calculate the crystallite size, considering the most intense peaks at (311) plane for the spinel cubical structures and at (211) plane for the tetragonal structures.
Somorjai, Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, New York, Wiley, 1994.

Silsesquioxanes are now recognized to have enormous potential as building blocks for various advanced materials, and their applications can be found in areas of catalysis, coordination chemistry, and materials science.
Measurements The structure of TMSPMA hybrid composites was verified by FTIR spectroscopy by using a Bruker Vertex 70 spectrophotometer.
The schematic structure of the hybrid composites is presented in Scheme 1.
The Structure of TMSPMA Hybrid Composites The crystallographic structure was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.
In the silica structure, three types of particles organization can be distinguished.

Band structure and density of states of the phase of crystal ZnO computed using Ab Initio methods, confirmed that pure ZnO is a direct band gap semiconductor in hexagonal wurtzite structure.
This structure can be described as a hexagonal stacking of oxygen compact (a=3.24Å et c=5.20Å).
The electronic structure of ZnO structures was studied using the present first-principles approach; the optimized structure and self-consistent band structure of wurtzite ZnO crystal were calculated.
Fig. 4 ZnO compound band structure using the (a) GGA and (b) mbj approximation.
Dhananjeyan and Renganathan: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 111 (1997), p.215-221