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If the metal-lattice bond energy is the lowest, the material dissolves, and the second stage may be referred to as complex ionization.
Analysis of methods used to study pitting corrosion also shows that electrochemical methods can produced quantitative data on how various factors affect the resistance of structural materials to pitting so as to predict such resistance.
As a rule, the primary pitting-resistance indicator is the pitting potential at which the material passivity is disturbed by sufficient concentrations of Cl ions [6].
Li, Study on pitting process of 316L stainless steel by means of staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 18(1) (2011) 48-54
Soltis, Passivity breakdown, pit initiation and propagation of pits in metallic materials– Review, Corrosion Science, 4-6 (2014)

Usually, in order to solve the problem of low load frequency and long test cycle of full-scale fatigue apparatus, pre-cracked small-scale specimen could be employed to determine the crack propagation rate and the fracture toughness of materials, with the help of which, the residual fatigue strength and critical crack length of pipes could be evaluated by full-scale fatigue tests in turn.
The Fatigue Failure is Located in the Base Material of Pipes The fatigue crack always initiates from external surface of pipe (base material),which makes contact with internal surface of clamp, then penetrates through the wall thickness, and finally propagates along the circumferential direction of pipe.
If some manufacturing defects have existed in the base material of pipe, the fatigue strength of base material under heavy stress amplitude range is lower than that of welded joint and result in the crack first.
China Railway Science, 1983, (1): 73 – 84
Numerical analysis of fatigue growth of external surface cracks in pressurized cylinders, Int Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 1997, (71): 293～300.

Bachorczyk 1,2 1 AGH University of Science and Technology, al.Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 Joint Research Centre, Petten, the Netherlands a rof@agh.edu.pl Keywords: Co-Fe-Ni, interdiffusion, ternary alloy, intrinsic diffusion coefficient, activation energy, Danielewski-Holly model, modelling Abstract.
Experimental Procedure Cobalt, iron and nickel (99.98 pct purity) were used as initial materials.
The compositions of materials were determined by a chemical analysis and the level of homogeneity of materials used in subsequent diffusion experiments were determined by EDS analysis.
Filipek: Archives of Metallurgy and Materials Vol. 49 No. 2 (2004), p. 201
Mad: Computer Journal Vol. 7 (1965) , p. 308 [9] S.N.

The perforation reason was not related to the material of the pipe body.
Residual Strength Evaluation Methodology and Residual Life Prediction of Corroded Pipeline, Materials for Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 39(5): 97-101
Research progress in pipeline corrosion and protection at Home and Abroad, Corrosion Science and Protection Technology, 2014, 26(1):77-80
[9] GB/T 228.1-2010, Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
[10] GB/T 229-2007, Metallic materials-Charpy pendulum impact test method

That is, it requires reducing the input of resources, and the wastes discharging into the environment during the economic activities can be assimilated by the environment and further recycled, which makes the material resources be used circularly many times in the economic system.
And the development requirements of low carbon society can be realized by cutting down the usage of resources, utilizing renewable materials, recycling resources, using environmental label products and public transits, etc, to lessen the influence of MICE to the city’s resources and environment.”
He pointed out the specific implementation steps of Green MICE, such as, using environmental paper publicity materials, following the principle of convenience when choosing venues, lodgings and dining places, recovering the recycling paper wastes when the meeting was over, etc.
Acknowledgements This paper is one of the staged achievements of the Research on Green MICE’s Evaluation Index System and Evaluation Methods (J11WG55) funded by Shandong Provincial Humanities and Social Sciences Research Programmes 2011 References [1] Cheng Yan.
Journal of Hunan University of Commerce, 2008, 15 (5): 65-68.

Study of the Performance Characteristics of Erbium-Containing Laser Glasses Liudmyla Bragina1*,a, Dmytro Petrov1,b, Nazar Kovalenko2,c, Sergiy Philonenko3, d 1Department of ceramics, refractories, class and enamel technology, National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, 2, Kyrpychova, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61002 2Institute for Single Crystals, State Scientific Institution “Institute for Single Crystals” of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60, Nauky ave., Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61001 3State Enterprise “Izyum Instrument-Making Plant”, 66, Nezalejnosty ave.
These are temperature, materials for crucibles, the method of quality control and the processing of rod active elements.
To minimize the ingress of impurities into the glass melt, raw materials of qualification "extremely clean" were used.
Materials, Systems and Application, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials, New Delhi, 2013 [2] V.
Fromzel, Energy Parameters of Lasers Utilizing Erbium Glasses Sensitized with Ytterbium and Chromium, Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics, V 14, No 1, 66, (2007) [5] A.

Correlation of Mechanical Properties of Cast Al 3xx Alloys to Processing Variables and Alloy Chemistry Using Regression Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Techniques Daryoush Emadi 1,a and Musbah Mahfoud 2,b 1 Materials Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2 Department of Materials Engineering, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya a daryoush.emadi@mcgill.ca , b m_mahfoud@hotmail.com Keywords: mechanical properties; aluminium, 3xx alloys, artificial neural network; regression analysis.
Mahfoud, J. of Materials Sci. & Eng.
Samuel, Journal of Materials Science Vol. 33 (1998), p.2269-81 [13] Guo J, Zhu H, and Jia J., Mater.

Effectiveness and Mechanism of Fly Ash in Inhibiting Alkali-Silica Reaction of Sandstone Beixing Li a, Jianfeng Zhang b and Da Ke c Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education，Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China alibx0212@126.com, bxinuaile198@163.com,cyxkodak@126.com Keywords: Sandstone aggregate, Fly ash, Alkali-silica reaction, Inhibition, Mechanism Abstract.
Experimental Materials.
The following raw materials and test conditions were used in the accelerated mortar bar test：cement used is 42.5 grade high-alkali Portland cement.
Thomas: Magazine of Concrete Research Vol.48(177) (1996), p265 [3] Li Beixing, Hu Xiaoman and Wen Ziyun: Engineering Journal of Wuhan University Vol. 39(1) (2006), p67 [4] DL/T 5151-2001: Test Code for Aggregates of Hydraulic Concrete (China Electric Power Press, Beijing 2002) [5] Liu Chongxi, Wen Ziyun: Dam concrete Monograph (I): Alkali-Aggregate Reaction of concrete (South China University of Technology Press, Guangzhou 1995) [6] R.F.
Thomas: Advanced Cement Based Materials, Vol. 7(2) (1998), p66

Introduction The movement exists in the material between the general contact and interaction [1].
On the other hand, Enterprise needs to exchange materials, energy and information with the outside world.
A Professor of Harvard University stated that "Without materials nothing exists.
Strategy Management Journal.
Information Science. 2007

David Hitt2,c 1 Consulting Services Department, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia 2 Institute of Polymer Technology and Material Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK a dossak0j@aramco.com.sa, bM.Gilbert@lboro.ac.uk, cD.J.Hitt@lboro.ac.uk Keywords: PVC, Raman spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, and Hydrotalicite.
Sample #umber Material Temperatures (°°°°C) Aging period (min) 1 Rigid PVC-SX (Commercial sample) 160 190 60 90 2 Plasticized PVC (Commercial sample) 160 190 60 90 3 PVC + CZ 15840 160, 175 & 190 60 4 PVC + CZ 15860 160 & 190 175 60 120 5 PVC + CZ 15860 + 5phr AP93 175 120 6 PVC + CZ 15860 + 5phr S911 175 120 Figure 1: PVC spectrum for a sample stabilized with CZ 15860 measured with 488 nm laser source.
Optimization of PVC Degradation Assessment With Raman In theory, if the resonance effect is employed, there should be no interference from any of the other materials present in a formulation as peaks are multiplied up to 10 6 times.
Fischer; "On the Action of Hydrotalcite-Like Clay Materials as Stabilizers in PVC", Applied Clay Science, 17, 25-34, (2000)
Li; "Layered and Intercalated Hydrotalcite-Like Materials as Thermal Stabilizers in PVC Resin", Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 67, 998-1001 (2006)