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Recent studies [5-10] have shown that fracture toughness can be strongly affected by specimen size, crack depth and loading configuration.
Volumetric Method, presented by Pluvinage [11] is a meso-mechanical approach belonging to this NFM.
Material properties and Finite Element Modelling The material used in this study is an X52 steels meeting requirements of API 5L standard.
Table 1: Chemical composition of specimens material (weight %) C Mn P Si Cr Ni Mo S Cu Ti Nb Al 0.22 1.220 - 0.240 0.16 0.14 0.06 0.036 0.19 0.04 <0.05 0.032 Ref[12 ] 0.15 1.250 0.025 0.350 - - - - - - - - In Table 2, mechanical properties of API X52 are presented.
Table 2: Mechanical properties of API X52 E (GPA) y (MPa) u (MPa) A% n k K Charpy Energy (J/mm 2) 210 410 528 32 0.164 876 116.6 - Ref[12] in longitudinal sense 210 493 623 30 - - - ~ 75 Ref[12] in circumferential sense 210 410 638 19 - - - 22 The pipe geometry of this study is a cylinder with a V-shaped longitudinal surface notch subject to different internal pressure P as shown in Table 2.

An Investigation on the Heat Partitioning in grind-hardening Jianhua Zhang1, Xiaojun Zhang1, a, Guoying Yu 2, Meilin Gu1, Peiqi Ge 3, b 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China 2 Hebei Institute of Machinery and Electricity, Xingtai, 054048, China 3 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China a zxjun_80@yahoo.cn, b pqge@sdu.edu.cn Keywords: Grind-hardening, heat partition, grinding heat Abstract.
The heat partitioning to workpiece is an important parameter, which affects the grind-hardening technology.
The heat partition to workpiece is one of the key factors in grind-hardening technology.
The heat partition is affected by many factors.
S.Ramanath, M.C.Pai, Shaw calculated the heat partition model by using of the thermal physical properties [2].

This paper presents new evidence for an interpretation of plasticity-induced crack tip shielding as arising from two separate effects; a compatibility-induced interfacial shear stress at the elastic-plastic interface along the plastic wake of the crack, and a crack surface contact stress which will vary considerably as a function of stress state, load and material properties.
Fig. 1 a) Crack tip stress intensity factors obtained by fitting the mathematical model to full field photoelastic fringe patterns.
The effects of contact length and the back stress are at least partly independent, as notch plasticity leads to curvature of compliance traces even in the absence of a crack, while plastic zone correction factors to crack length are predicated on this basis.
c) Fringe patterns around a growing fatigue crack under an applied stress intensity factor of 1.5 MPa√m.
Fract. (2006) Applied Stress Intensity Factor K (MPam 1/2 ) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Calculated Stress Intensity Factor Keff (MPam1/2 ) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Applied K vs Calculated K

Roadway bolt supporting, which relates the equations such as ground stress, mechanical property of surrounding rock and bolt supporting structure, is an engineering problem of rock and structure coupling.
Coal seam roof and floor mechanical properties of stress measurement based Kailuan Mine identified in the report with the tectonic stress field, as shown in Table 1.
Using numerical simulation method to determine the parameters bolting, coal, and the physical properties of surface mechanical properties of joints is very important to select the parameters, and it directly affects the determination of bolting parameters.
KN =fEh In the formula, f—Control access to the coordination of factors, the general values between 0.05 and 1; E—The elastic modulus of coal, if the joint surface on both sides is different materials, the smaller is available; h—Characteristic contact length, depending on the geometry of the special nature of the problem, in the three-dimensional graphics, they should be equal to the length of a typical contact with the target (that is, the square root of target surface), or a typical cell size.
[4] Ma Qihua, “Bolting support technology development prospect and restricting factors,” Coal Geology of China, vol. 24, pp. 25–30, 1998

Mckenna et al. [12] carried out an experimental investigation (based on statistical design of experiments) to find the effect of factors such as curing time and temperature, on compressive strength and permeability of moulds produced using ZCast 501 process.
For diagnose the statistical properties of the model by using the design expert can be analyzed by inspection of various plots.
The solidification rate affects the microstructure forms such as grain size and dendrite arm spacing[27], [28], [29] and [30].The microstructure that results from solidification directly affects on the mechanical properties of alloys.
IV As a result of the RSM experimental trials, it was found that the Shell wall thickness and weight density were the most significant factors affecting the hardness.
The feasibility of reduced SWT was justified by hardness and microstructure analysis.The microstructure that results from solidification directly affects on the mechanical properties of alloys.

The stable slope angle of above-water, level amplitude area and under-water were determined by physical and mechanical properties of rock, statistics of slope survey and experiences of reservoir.
Fig.4 Forecasting Range of Bank Collapse of Profile 2-2 According to the baseline of urban construction affected by bank collapse, the intensity of reservoir bank reformation was graded; the results are given in Table 4.
Under the effect of water level changes, storms, human engineering activities, and many other negative factors, the bank will be at the edge of instability.
The reservoir bank is the type of erosion, the affecting objects of 760 section are three residents, comparing to engineering treatment measures, relocation of avoidance is suggested, and the affecting objects of 761 section is Jiangnan school road, the slope protection measures are suggested.
[2] Minggao Tang, Qiang Xu, Runqiu Huang, Study on the forecasting parameters of the bank failure and the influence factors in the Yangtze Three Gorges Project Region, J.

Zone of M-sand is found to be 3.The properties of M-sand is tabulated in Table 1.
Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile, flexural and impact strength and ductility factor of the HFRGPC made of M-sand were also determined.
A., &Lee, K,”Theoretical and experimental study on mechanical properties and flexural strength of fly ash-geopolymer concrete”, Construction and Building Materials,Volume 106, 1 March 2016, Pages 65-77
Rahim, Mechanical Properties of Steel-Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete under Elevated Temperature, Procedia Engineering, 125 (2015), 818 – 824
Xu,“Mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced geopolymeric concrete under impact loading”,Materials Science and Engineering, 505 (2009), pp. 178-186

Although substituting natural aggregate with RPFA reduced the mechanical properties, it improved the mix flowability by up to 20% relative to the control mix.
Secondly, RPFA exhibits favorable properties that make it suitable for construction applications.
The decrease in unit weight observed with the addition of RPFA in various percentages can be attributed to several factors.
This decline in flexural strength can be attributed to multiple factors, including the formation of voids, the lower mechanical strength of plastic particles, and variances in particle shape and surface texture.
[6] Kamseu E, Cannio M, Obonyo EA, et al: Metakaolin-based inorganic polymer composite: Effects of fine aggregate composition and structure on porosity evolution, microstructure and mechanical properties.

Solving these objectives is based on the awareness on the processes that determine the formation and properties of various types of welding.
Research in [13–17] prove that the structural-phase state of metal that is formed during welding influences the physical and mechanical properties of products.
Thus, the knowledge of phase composition, morphology and the state of defect substructure in heat-affected zone of welding joint will enable to not only estimate the strength properties of the whole welded item but it will also give an opportunity to predict the welding joint behaviour during its operation.
The width of the welded metal zone did not exceed 12 mm; the size of heat-affected zone was no more than 5 mm.
[19] Gagauz V P, Kozlov E V, Danilov V I, Ivanov Y F and Gromov V E 2008 The structural-phase state and mechanical properties of thick welding joints (Novokuznetsk: Izdatelstvo SibGIU) p 150 [20] Smirnov A N, Koneva N A, Folmer S V, Popova N A and Kozlov E V 2009 Damage rate of welding joints.

The deformation because of temperature Concrete with thermal expansion and contraction properties of linear expansion coefficient is generally 1×10-5.
THE EFFECT ABOUT THE NON LONGITUDINAL CRACKS TO THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STIUCTURES 1.3 The effect about the non longitudinal cracks to the durability of concrete structures Affecting the durability of concrete structure factors, cracks plays a major role.
Due to the corroded reinforcement appear deteriorated of mechanical properties, the yield strength, tensile strength and ultimate elongation reduced with the degree of corrosion increases.
Influence of cracks on transport properties in concrete[J].
Factors affecting the durability of reinforced concrete and prevention measures[J].