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For instance, Fig. 3 shows the bending stiffness reduction map obtained experimentally on a carbonepoxy unidirectional plate tested in bending [19].
The damage was simulated by removing two plies from the back surface of the plate, resulting in a nominal stiffness reduction of about 30%.
Deflectometry set-up Stiffness reduction Fig. 3.
Deflectometry set-up, damaged plate and identified stiffness reduction map.
Determination of the mechanical behaviour of biological tissues is a key issue in the early detection of cancerous tumours (stiff tumours embedded in softer tissues) or in the production of data to establish models of the human body for crash simulation, for instance.

Air jet technology has enabled a further reduction of liquor ratio for some fibre types to 3-4.5:1.
The work provides information to enable reduction of energy consumption in batch jet dyeing of textiles.
Results and Discussion Energy in colouration Table 1 contains the energy data for the dyeing and drying steps of colouration when the dyeing process is carried out at a constant liquor ratio of 10:1.
Further energy reductions by reducing liquor ratio are not available to the dyer due to dyeing kinetics and fabric water absorption rates however energy recovery from effluent can provide further energy saving benefits.
A reduction of dyeing liquor ratio will reduce the total colouration energy required for all fibre types.

In addition, it should be emphasize that the further reduction of Ti3+ to Ti2+ is assumed to make an appreciable contribution to the lithium storage capacity in the potential range of 0.5 to 1V.
(b) Variation of electrode resistance at various frequencies from impedance data as a function of electrode potential.
It is important to recognize that under cathodic polarization a range of valve metal oxides show significant cation in-diffusion, combined with reduction of the oxide.
The gradual reduction of charge transfer resistance during the process of discharging can be ascribed to the reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ or Ti2+ accompanied by Li+ intercalation within the TiO2 nanotubes results in the reduction of mobility gap that, in turn, decrease the electrical resistance.

Literature [2] proposed slope stability analysis of nonlinear finite element mixed method and strength reduction finite element method and the finite element iteration method for joint used in slope stability analysis.
Based on strength reduction method for slope stability analysis, simulation of reinforcing material and soil interaction,literature[4] analysised the slope stability of reinforced embankment on soft soil.
Literature [5] applied the strength reduction theory for finite element method to solve its application in slope stability analysis problem.
Literature [6] studied on the impact factor of the strength reduction calculations and slope instability criterion method and discussed the method used in slope stability of earth-rock dam in the analysis of feasibility.
Also, because the slope body relative lack of borehole data, modeling, consider the most dangerous situation,that is continuous through argillaceous limestone, laminated in the analysis section.

Implementation of this International Standard is intended to lead to reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and other related environmental impacts and energy cost through systematic management of energy [4].
The benefits may be split in to a few categories such as cost saving [18-20]; integrated audits [19]; cultural change [19], holistic view [19], better employee morale [20-21]; enhanced reputation [19-21], minimization of documents and records, and reduction of paperwork [18], reduced reworks and scraps activities [6], reduction of the environmental risk[6], the reduction of health and safety risk [6 ], less waste[21] , lower energy costs [21], improved customer satisfaction [20], better resources utilization[ 19] and less bureaucracy[18].
Though in 1990s, the certification bodies were not promoting IMS, mainly due to business reason, yet, IMS does result in reduction of the auditing fee due to the commonalities of the requirement [21].
Casadesus, Difficulties and benefits of integrated management systems, Industrial Management and Data Systems. 112, 5, 828-846

Over the years, various physical and chemical methods are developed to increase the water contact angle such as the reduction of surface energy by chemical modification method [2] and the control of the surface roughness [3,4].
The surface roughness of the glass samples was determined by AFM (SPI3800N) and their hydrophobicity is measured using OCA meter (Data Physics).
It is this surface chemistry alteration which is responsible for the reduction of hydrogen-bonds formation in contact with water because of low surface free energy in the presence of SiO2.
Conversely, further addition of SiO2 contents more than 0.10 mol% makes the sample saturated and thus a reduction of WCA.
However, at higher SiO2 concentration (more than 0.10 mol%) a rapid reduction in the SR and WCA is ascribed to the surface saturation effects.

The vehicle performance data comprised power (kW), flywheel torque (Nm) together with the exhaust emissions measurements.
Nevertheless, the increasing of preheat fuel temperature has not influences to the reductions of HC in overall combustion process.
The increasing of biodiesel concentration in blends has a beneficial in HC emissions reduction.
In addition, preheated biodiesel produced the reduction of opacity emission.
This might due to the reduction in viscosity and subsequent improvement in spray, fuel-air mixing and combustion characteristics by preheating.

It was observed that calcium aluminate cements showed the greatest effect in the reduction of efflorescence.
PMSA, on the degree of reaction and reduction of efflorescence in fly ash based geopolymer.
It will affect the quantitative viscosity and density data of liquid mixtures as they play a key role on the effectiveness chemical process and the molecular existing in mixture process [7].
Reduction of the solubility of silicate and aluminate contributes in extending the formation of alumino-silicate gel.
Introduction of elevated temperature curing at 90°C had developed higher degree of reaction and greatest reduction in efflorescence extent.

Initial preprocessing facilitates the classification task by reduction the number of data classes either by removing not relevant classes, or by making particular classes more concise in the multidimensional input data space e.g. by noise removal.
All neurons have common inputs, whose number, n, forms a n-dimensional data space.
Such model is suitable for analysis of complex data like for example the biomedical signals.
Example training data files.
Three example data files are shown in Fig. 2.

In this control unit data is classified and the best decision will be made based on the received data.
Data transfer by this model takes place via internet or GSM.
Observing and collecting data 2.
Decision making Observing and collecting data.
Also vehicles’ data is being updated continuously and finally all data is recorded and it is ideal for officials since they can access to full and precise data about owners of vehicles.