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And, the DC conductivity (σ) was 1.11E-02 of electrolyte produced with 10 hr mechanical alloying.
Fig. 3 Morphology of electrolyte powders after the mechanical alloying process at duration time; E1 1h, E2: 10 hrs, and E3: 45 hrs, FE-SEM.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 489. 2 (2010) 369-374
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 19 (2016) 40-44
Diniz da Costa, Mixed ionic–electronic conducting membranes for oxygen separation, Journal of Membrane Science. 320 (2008) 13–41

Introduction During the laying period in the soil, old pices made of different alloys are degraded by mechanisms that occur in long period of time and which generally differ, depending on the nature of the alloy, the technological complexity of the piece, the aggressiveness of the laying environment, of the path from the abandonment to the discovery, and others [1, 3].
Development and layout of chemical compounds in the volume phase were influenced by aggressiveness of the environment, and by the nature of the alloy and the morpho-structural characteristics of the coins.
International Journal of Conservation Science, 3(1), (2012) 23-32
De Caro, Corrosion of Ancient Silver Alloys.
Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Parts A and B, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997

The mechanical properties and microstructure of a solid-phase compound produced by linear friction welding (LFW) of commercial Al-4.4%Cu-0.5%Mg-0.4%Mn-0.5%Ag alloy have been studied.
Some experience has been gained presently in producing joints from Al-based alloys by LFW.
Thus, the aim of this work is to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al alloy AA2139 processed by LFW in different structural states.
The curves have identical view typical of deformation of coarse-grained Al alloys.
Musin, Microstructure and Properties of an АА2139 Alloy Welded Joint Produced by LFW, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review. 8 (2015) 30-32

Dehelean2,c 1 "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, P-ta Victoriei nr. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania 2 National R&D Institute for Welding and Materials Testing, Bd Mihai Viteazul 30, 300222 Timişoara, Romania a craciunescucm@yahoo.com, boctavian.oanca@isim.ro, cdorin.dehelean@isim.ro Keywords: shape memory alloys, rapid solidified, welding, ultrasonic energy, welding interface Abstract The paper describes the research developed in order to assemble shape memory alloys using welding technologies with the aim to reduce the heat affected zone.
Shape memory alloys can be welded using various techniques [10].
The welding process of shape memory alloys is currently a real challenge and the issues become more complex for micro and nanoengineered shape memory alloys.
In particular, compositional changes may affect to a great extent the biocompatibility of shape memory alloys due to the potential formation of harmful compounds in the joint.
Flood - Welding Journal, Jan. (1997) 43.

A great deal of research effort has been aimed at establishing the precise nature of the process conditions that could be used to deliver optimal properties of the resulting coated system [1-2].
Many special chemical compounds and microstructural states (nanocrystalline, amorphous, etc.) have been obtained by the mechanical alloying route.
This process is encouraged by the in situ chemical reduction of the metal oxides to elemental metal, which in this chemical state is highly active and readily forms intermetallic compounds at the interface between the milled powder and the substrate, and within the deposited layer.
Metastable compounds may be deposited on the surface, and control over the composition may be possible by varying the processing atmosphere.
Kazaryan, A.R.Torosyan, Armenian Chemical Journal, 21(5) (1997), p.65

Aiming at phenomenon of serious friction and wear in industrial products, a new technology using the redundant heat of molten steel to prepare lining ceramic layer on the surface of casting steel was researched.
Metal alloy has superior strength, toughness and excellent thermal conductivity in high temperature, however the poor oxidation resistance limits it be used in high temperature.
Production of the compound powder.
Journal of Ceramics. 13 (1998) 7-10
Li, Wear resistance of ceramic lining cast steel sintered using redundant heat of steel melt.Journal of Shenyang University of Technology. 29 (2007) 650-653

The operational heat treatments of explosion welded Ti/steel joints above 600°C cause the reduction of the bimetal efficiency due to the formation of the interlayer in the Ti/steel interface composed of brittle TiFe, TiFe2 and TiC carbide compounds.
The hardness of the compounds can reach 9.8-12 GPa.
To the base of classification of composite compounds with different variants of mechanical heterogeneity and semi-empirical methods for calculating their strength were put formulas for estimating the strength of steel welded joints obtained by contact or fusion welding [7].
The aim of this study was finite element simulating of the behavior of a titanium-steel composite with cooper-niobium interlayer under tension at a temperature of 600°C.
Tillmann, Solid state diffusion bonding of titanium to steel using a copper base alloy as interlayer, Journal of materials processing technology, 209(5) (2009) 2746-2752

Several studies highlighted that, at high temperature, chromia-forming alloys such as AISI 304 Stainless Steels present an initial oxide growth leading mainly to chromia Cr2O3 and spinel type oxide formation [3-18].
In order to improve the high temperature oxidation behaviour of such stainless steels, it has been shown that reactive elements can be applied on chromia forming alloys [21-25 23B, 23C].
The alloy composition is given in Table 1.
Abreu, P. de Lima-Neto, Journal of Materials Science Vol. 40 (2005), p.139 [2] F.
Odriozola, Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 323-324 (2001), p. 70 [33] Y.P.

In this research, a main matrix has been derived from the stress components in the inclined plane with an angle θ that calculates the normal stresses and shear stress in the inclined plane to be used in calculating the main stresses and the maximum shear stress in one step, this is done using the principal stress angle which is calculated from known stress compounds.
The inverse of this derived matrix can be used to calculate the stress compounds through the known principal stresses and this applies to the components of the principal strain and strain, and the maximum shear strain.
Design Support System by MATLAB for Selection Steel Alloys.
Journal of University of Babylon, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2015
Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, Vol. 13, No.3,2020

The high intensity of the compounds of the crystalline phases and elements is shown in Figure.3, (FC, SC and SB).
All these compounds showed practically no reaction at the sintering temperature of the flux and the slag formation because of their insufficient content for the formation of new phases [27].
According to XRD analysis, silica, manganese oxide (MnO), and titanium oxide (TiO2) are the compounds that react during flux heating and after welding for slag formation.
These latter compounds were detected in the flux (FB).
Wittstock, Selecting submerged-arc fluxes for carbon and low alloy steels, Welding Journal, 55 (1976) 733-741