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Online since: May 2020
Authors: A. V. Nikanorov
Introduction
The crisis in the silver mining complex in Russia led to the reduction in primary silver production by more than a third since 1992 to 2002.
According to the proposed technology, the process of crude silver and gold alloy synthesis has two main operations: oxidation-reduction baking of the concentrate and electrical smelting of the cinder with sodium carbonate as flux.
Silver synthesis from bakes concentrates is based on the property of lead and copper to collect precious metals in oxidation-reduction smelting of cinder with fluxes [11].
Smelting of crude silver and gold alloy is performed in an ore-thermal furnace at the temperature of 1200-1300 0С in the electric slag regime that creates conducive conditions for reduction and separation processes.
The data in Table 1 show that in one technological operation it is possible, depending on the conditions of the experiment, to get silver-containing matte or polymetallic alloy with silver extraction rate of 95-98%.
According to the proposed technology, the process of crude silver and gold alloy synthesis has two main operations: oxidation-reduction baking of the concentrate and electrical smelting of the cinder with sodium carbonate as flux.
Silver synthesis from bakes concentrates is based on the property of lead and copper to collect precious metals in oxidation-reduction smelting of cinder with fluxes [11].
Smelting of crude silver and gold alloy is performed in an ore-thermal furnace at the temperature of 1200-1300 0С in the electric slag regime that creates conducive conditions for reduction and separation processes.
The data in Table 1 show that in one technological operation it is possible, depending on the conditions of the experiment, to get silver-containing matte or polymetallic alloy with silver extraction rate of 95-98%.
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Gary MENARY, James Nixon
This stretch-only trial provided strain data for uniaxial deformation and in turn the value for Poisson’s ratio.
To determine the reduction in thickness during the in-plane stretch, a non-contact, real-time measuring process was devised.
Figure 4 (a) True strain and (b) volumetric strain & Poisson’s ratio for uniaxial deformation; material temperature 100°C and strain rate 1/s The strain results clearly indicates positive increase in longitudinal strain (εy) to a true strain level of 1.3 with lateral (εx) and thickness strain (εz) reduction to an approximate value of 0.58.
One possible explanation for the sudden increase in Poisson’s ratio above 0.5 (volumetric strain reduction) is the inherent morphology exhibited by PET during material stretching typical with bottle formation; PET demonstrates a strain hardening effect after a critical network stretch [4].
Contrary to this, the experimental analysis revealed that PET is initially incompressible (v=0.5) during biaxial deformation with a sudden volume reduction after a critical level of stretch (v>0.5).
To determine the reduction in thickness during the in-plane stretch, a non-contact, real-time measuring process was devised.
Figure 4 (a) True strain and (b) volumetric strain & Poisson’s ratio for uniaxial deformation; material temperature 100°C and strain rate 1/s The strain results clearly indicates positive increase in longitudinal strain (εy) to a true strain level of 1.3 with lateral (εx) and thickness strain (εz) reduction to an approximate value of 0.58.
One possible explanation for the sudden increase in Poisson’s ratio above 0.5 (volumetric strain reduction) is the inherent morphology exhibited by PET during material stretching typical with bottle formation; PET demonstrates a strain hardening effect after a critical network stretch [4].
Contrary to this, the experimental analysis revealed that PET is initially incompressible (v=0.5) during biaxial deformation with a sudden volume reduction after a critical level of stretch (v>0.5).
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Jin Seong Lim, Tae Soo Kim
However, curling occurred for specimens with relatively thin-walled steel plate (1.5mm or 3.0mm) and a long end distance and the curling caused a strength reduction in bolted connections.
Proposed equations by Kuwamura et al. tended to overestimate ultimate strength of bolted connections due to no sufficient consideration of strength reduction by curling.
Also, strength reduction phenomenon by curling was observed in load-displacement curves of FEA results as depicted in Fig.5 like test results(Fig.2).
Ultimate strength, fracture mode, curling occurrence and strength reduction by curling predicted from FEA with recommended modelling method showed a good correspondence to those of test results.
Authors express their thanks to Steel Structure Lab. of The University of Tokyo for supplying the experimental data.
Proposed equations by Kuwamura et al. tended to overestimate ultimate strength of bolted connections due to no sufficient consideration of strength reduction by curling.
Also, strength reduction phenomenon by curling was observed in load-displacement curves of FEA results as depicted in Fig.5 like test results(Fig.2).
Ultimate strength, fracture mode, curling occurrence and strength reduction by curling predicted from FEA with recommended modelling method showed a good correspondence to those of test results.
Authors express their thanks to Steel Structure Lab. of The University of Tokyo for supplying the experimental data.
Online since: October 2020
Authors: Šárka Nenadálová, Michaela Kostelecká, Lukáš Balík, Lucie Kudrnáčová
As in other fields also in this area the technology of additional humidity reduction underwent significant progress during last decennaries and both new invasive and non-invasive methods are being developed.
It is good to be aware of few basic facts: 1) humidity in buildings and mainly bottom parts of loadbearing walls is a long term process and no immediate and final effect can be expected from any solution; 2) existing technologies cannot perfectly dry up historic buildings, it is always only reduction of humidity; 3) each building must be assessed to what degree it is damaged by the existing and long-term humidity condition and to what extent it is desirable to change such situation; 4) solution of unwanted humidity in historic buildings is always a compromise between more or less invasive technical intervention in the building and an effort to maintain cultural heritage, i.e. cultural values of the building and from this aspect is often limited the theoretically achievable efficiency of the redevelopment measure; 5) building redevelopment from the aspect of humidity can be divided in two parts, leading to a) elimination of humidity sources and b) organizing of gradual long-term
Tab 4: Calculation of time of brickwork humidity reduction to required 5 % of weight in the depth of 100 mm Tab 5: Calculation of time of brickwork humidity reduction protected with 18 mm lime plaster to required 5 % of weight for various thickness of walls The following example of cellar rooms (fig. 1) is showing calculation of speed air saturation with water vapours from humid brickwork.
Table 6 is following from data stated in the table 3 and is expressing speed of saturation of 1 kg of air of cellar rooms per hour for individual rooms and for the whole cellar as a unit. 2 3 1 Fig 1: Layout of the cellar used for calculation of speed of natural humidity evaporation from walls Tab 6: Calculation of speed of hourly air saturation by humidity evaporating from brickwork based on individual finishes/surface treatments Practical calculation made on real example of cellar rooms is proving the fact that process of natural spontaneous evaporation of residual structural humidity from walls is significantly increasing internal both specific and relative air humidity in orders of units to hundredths of grams of water vapour per hour, resp. tenth to units of grams per second per kg.
In practice, this means that in structures with a surface treatment, we can expect a reduction in the rate of the evaporation process, ideally by 74% compared to the rate of evaporation from plain brickwork.
It is good to be aware of few basic facts: 1) humidity in buildings and mainly bottom parts of loadbearing walls is a long term process and no immediate and final effect can be expected from any solution; 2) existing technologies cannot perfectly dry up historic buildings, it is always only reduction of humidity; 3) each building must be assessed to what degree it is damaged by the existing and long-term humidity condition and to what extent it is desirable to change such situation; 4) solution of unwanted humidity in historic buildings is always a compromise between more or less invasive technical intervention in the building and an effort to maintain cultural heritage, i.e. cultural values of the building and from this aspect is often limited the theoretically achievable efficiency of the redevelopment measure; 5) building redevelopment from the aspect of humidity can be divided in two parts, leading to a) elimination of humidity sources and b) organizing of gradual long-term
Tab 4: Calculation of time of brickwork humidity reduction to required 5 % of weight in the depth of 100 mm Tab 5: Calculation of time of brickwork humidity reduction protected with 18 mm lime plaster to required 5 % of weight for various thickness of walls The following example of cellar rooms (fig. 1) is showing calculation of speed air saturation with water vapours from humid brickwork.
Table 6 is following from data stated in the table 3 and is expressing speed of saturation of 1 kg of air of cellar rooms per hour for individual rooms and for the whole cellar as a unit. 2 3 1 Fig 1: Layout of the cellar used for calculation of speed of natural humidity evaporation from walls Tab 6: Calculation of speed of hourly air saturation by humidity evaporating from brickwork based on individual finishes/surface treatments Practical calculation made on real example of cellar rooms is proving the fact that process of natural spontaneous evaporation of residual structural humidity from walls is significantly increasing internal both specific and relative air humidity in orders of units to hundredths of grams of water vapour per hour, resp. tenth to units of grams per second per kg.
In practice, this means that in structures with a surface treatment, we can expect a reduction in the rate of the evaporation process, ideally by 74% compared to the rate of evaporation from plain brickwork.
Online since: August 2016
Authors: Linilsson Rodrigues Padovese, Sandro Rosa Correa, C.J. Marcelo, Maria da Penha Cindra Fonseca, José Adilson de Castro, T.C. Chuvas, M.A. Campos, Marcos Flavio de Campos
These steels, which are among the so called High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA), have high mechanical strength and good toughness, enabling reduction of the weight of the pipe and, consequently, reduction of manufacturing costs and easy transportation and installation.
The measurement system of this equipment consists of a set exciter-sensor (probe), the signal conditioner and data acquisition and processing.
The results show that the samples that suffered stress relief had higher MBN, due to the reduction of barriers to the movement of domain walls [5].
It is observed similar behavior for all samples after stress relieving, with increase in rms and the reduction of residual stresses, as observed by Yelbay and Lindgren [2,8].
• The results of X-ray diffraction of the samples showed a reduction of tensions after the treatment of stress relief.
The measurement system of this equipment consists of a set exciter-sensor (probe), the signal conditioner and data acquisition and processing.
The results show that the samples that suffered stress relief had higher MBN, due to the reduction of barriers to the movement of domain walls [5].
It is observed similar behavior for all samples after stress relieving, with increase in rms and the reduction of residual stresses, as observed by Yelbay and Lindgren [2,8].
• The results of X-ray diffraction of the samples showed a reduction of tensions after the treatment of stress relief.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Wei Han, Wei Qiu, Hong Xing Deng, Ying Fan
This article based on existing data to predict the potential performance of property rights reform of state-owned forest, analysis the sustainability of effects of the reform.
This article analyzes the ecological and development states of the forest reform, using the methods of the gray prediction model, which can solve the uncertainty relation of various factors in the system, and which is suitable for small research data, information uncertainty forecasts.Organization of the Text.
Prediction of property rights reform in State-owned forest on ecological effects Data was obtained from Investigation in Yichun city, In the course of the investigation to take acomprehensive survey, visited 5 pilot Forestry Bureau.It includesd basic data of Resource protection, and management , Such a data structure makes the prediction model has more reliability.
Due to space limitations, the original data is slightly.
Take Shuangfeng Forestry Bureau for example, according to the original data of new forestation area, tending forest area, survival rate data, from eq1 and eq2 calculate estimate of the corresponding parameters B, establish t model of new forestation area, forest tending, forest survival rate .according to the relevant formula for the precision test, the prediction forecasting model and model accuracy test shown in Table 2.
This article analyzes the ecological and development states of the forest reform, using the methods of the gray prediction model, which can solve the uncertainty relation of various factors in the system, and which is suitable for small research data, information uncertainty forecasts.Organization of the Text.
Prediction of property rights reform in State-owned forest on ecological effects Data was obtained from Investigation in Yichun city, In the course of the investigation to take acomprehensive survey, visited 5 pilot Forestry Bureau.It includesd basic data of Resource protection, and management , Such a data structure makes the prediction model has more reliability.
Due to space limitations, the original data is slightly.
Take Shuangfeng Forestry Bureau for example, according to the original data of new forestation area, tending forest area, survival rate data, from eq1 and eq2 calculate estimate of the corresponding parameters B, establish t model of new forestation area, forest tending, forest survival rate .according to the relevant formula for the precision test, the prediction forecasting model and model accuracy test shown in Table 2.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Jing Ling Bao, Pei Yan, Yu Hong Yang, Juan Wen, Ran Li
Introduction
Base on the atmospheric environmental quality data through more than 20 years in Tianjin, this paper describes and analyzes the characteristics of atmospheric environmental pollution.
Based on the atmospheric environmental quality monitoring data of Tianjin from 1986 to 2010, the annual average concentration change trend of the main atmospheric pollutants is shown in figure 1.
For an environmental quality index Y, this paper analysis a set of variables which is closely related to x1, x2,..., then this paper finds these variables in the data, and uses the method of linear regression to fill the missing value.
After the standardization of the data, the data have been made as a column of mean as zero and variance as a dimensionless value.
Then by using the method of principal component analysis to dimension reduction of variables, and this paper gets several unrelated principal component to represent more than 85% of the original data information.
Based on the atmospheric environmental quality monitoring data of Tianjin from 1986 to 2010, the annual average concentration change trend of the main atmospheric pollutants is shown in figure 1.
For an environmental quality index Y, this paper analysis a set of variables which is closely related to x1, x2,..., then this paper finds these variables in the data, and uses the method of linear regression to fill the missing value.
After the standardization of the data, the data have been made as a column of mean as zero and variance as a dimensionless value.
Then by using the method of principal component analysis to dimension reduction of variables, and this paper gets several unrelated principal component to represent more than 85% of the original data information.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Hai Lin Mu, Hua Nan Li, Lan Lan Lou, Xin Chen
Inventory analysis and data sources.
Most emissions were equal to the emission factor multiply by the activity data.
Data sources There were various sources of data for LCA.
Table2 shows the primary activity level data of the case study.
Because of non-availability of data, power grid construction was used in Europe database Ecoinvent.
Most emissions were equal to the emission factor multiply by the activity data.
Data sources There were various sources of data for LCA.
Table2 shows the primary activity level data of the case study.
Because of non-availability of data, power grid construction was used in Europe database Ecoinvent.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Lin Qin, Jun Ying Jin, Qian Zhang, Da Ke Wang
In this study, the monthly rainfall data from 1976 to 2006 at the stations of Rongchang, Dazu, Tongliang and Yongchuan were used to analyze the statistical characteristics and trends of rainfall changes in the west of Chongqing.
We chose four stations rainfall data in the west of Chongqing to analyze the rainfall distribution characteristic.
A characteristic of a normal distribution is that data represented by this distribution on probability paper plot a straight line.
Also, the figure 1 showed that average monthly rainfall data range from a minimum of 3.7mm in January at Dazu to a maximum of 596.6mm in July at Rongchang and denote a seasonality of the distribution.
[3] Analysis of a 27-year Rainfall Data(1977-2003) in the Sultanate of Oman.
We chose four stations rainfall data in the west of Chongqing to analyze the rainfall distribution characteristic.
A characteristic of a normal distribution is that data represented by this distribution on probability paper plot a straight line.
Also, the figure 1 showed that average monthly rainfall data range from a minimum of 3.7mm in January at Dazu to a maximum of 596.6mm in July at Rongchang and denote a seasonality of the distribution.
[3] Analysis of a 27-year Rainfall Data(1977-2003) in the Sultanate of Oman.
Online since: June 2020
Authors: Mochamad Chalid, Yuli Amalia Husnil, Rahma Lailani, Evana Yuanita, Myrna Ariati Mochtar
Tensile strength tests were also conducted to obtain data necessary for exploring the relationship between the thermodynamic aspects of the fiber-matrix interfacial interaction and the mechanical properties of the composites.
The SEM images show that there are no noticeable reduction in the size of the treated fibers as expected.
However the FE-SEM images show that there are no noticeable reduction in the size of the treated fibers which has been published at previous paper [13].
The amorphous regions had more severe degradation where at 662 cm-1 the %transmittance was decreasing by 37% while at 1423 cm-1 the %transmittance reduction was 30%.
The SEM images show that there are no noticeable reduction in the size of the treated fibers as expected.
However the FE-SEM images show that there are no noticeable reduction in the size of the treated fibers which has been published at previous paper [13].
The amorphous regions had more severe degradation where at 662 cm-1 the %transmittance was decreasing by 37% while at 1423 cm-1 the %transmittance reduction was 30%.